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How To Change Scenes Without Cutting: A Dissection of Motivated Camera Movements

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Last night, I went to see Birdman at the Hollywood theater in NE Portland. It is about a man, Riggan Thompson (Michael Keaton), who is trying to redefine himself as a stage actor after he gained fame as a feathered superhero in blockbuster films. He wanted to create a new name for himself–to prove he wasn’t just a washed-up celebrity. By doing so, he wrote, casted, and starred in a Broadway production at the St. James Theater  in New York City. Birdman’s voice is a constant torment in Thompson’s head, antagonizing him to the point of his failed suicide.

I can’t help but to notice the mock-reality of Michael Keaton’s own real life from starring in Batman–but more on that later. I wanted to hone in here to the comparisons I saw between Birdman and Alexander Sokurov’s Russian Ark .

We discussed the Russian Ark earlier in the term as the movie famous for the 96-minute, one continuous steadycam shot. Like the Russian Ark, Birdman used many of the same techniques to make it appear as if it was one continuous shot as well.

To achieve this, Birdman used special effects and set it to one location in order to maintain the fluidity from room to room. The Russian Ark, however, was one shot entirely where the actors had to be on-point in reenacting the history of Russia in each room.

I think examining continuous shot sequences are so vital in learning about camera movements.They must be controlled, purposeful and planned in order for the effect to work. In other words, you have to know the rules before you break them!

To review, these are the camera movements we discussed last term:

  • motivated vs. unmotivated
  • lens move, camera move, mounting move, complex move

There were also some point of view tricks we touched on:

  • controlled vs. shake; angle, vignetting, etc.

And of course motion within the frame:

  • positive, negative action, etc.

While watching both films, I noticed that motivated camera movements were used to “cut” between scenes. Since there are no real “cuts” between shots, motivated action was used to pull and push us between scenes. Often, the characters themselves are the catalyst of these movements.

It is hard to give examples from Birdman, as the movie isn’t accessible outside of theaters quite yet. But I did see this in the Russian Ark at 2:30– 2:40 when the women and men are entering the museum. The camera follows them in a motivated shot using a controlled witness point of view. The ladies and gentleman walking into the museum are the reference points in which the camera uses to bring us into the setting of the film.

We see that sometimes the camera veers off on its own, with unmotivated action, as well. This is another way the directors of the film transitioned from scene to scene without making a traditional “cut,” in order to maintain the continuous shot motif.

An example of this is at 11:55 in the Russian Ark, the camera pulls away from the stage–representing negative action–until a women appears at the balcony at 12:09, and the camera reverts back to positive action, pushing in on her, and following her into the next scene.

Though I cannot provide a link to this yet, this happens in Birdman as well. Here is how it happened:

As I recall, Riggan was followed onstage from outside after he accidentally gets locked out of the theater in nothing but a robe– which he tosses because it got stuck in the door behind him– and his underwear. He enters the scene, during the live play, barley making it back into the theater in time. Pointing his fingers out like the gun he was supposed to have in hand, he screams his lines out from the back of the room, “What’s wrong with me?! What’s wrong?”

The camera is following him as he walks on stage, using him as the source of movement for the motivated shot. He delivers his lines as if he intended to enter from the back of the theater.

At this point, the camera pulls away from the scene–much like the scene I discussed before in Russian Ark–and moves through the halls of the theater. Eventually the camera stops wondering, and waits for him to catch up after he delivers the rest of his lines and leaves the stage.

In this one spot, the camera waits for him–keeping a constant shot down the hallway–for about a minute. You hear his footsteps approaching in an L-cut…where picture is leading sound. Riggan walks in front of the camera, the transition in scene is made, and the camera once again establishes him as the focal point in which the camera moves motivated.

I realize this was a text-heavy post, but I really wanted to dissect the mechanics behind continuous shots and how transitions can be made without cutting.

320 Comments

on “How To Change Scenes Without Cutting: A Dissection of Motivated Camera Movements”
320 Comments on “How To Change Scenes Without Cutting: A Dissection of Motivated Camera Movements”

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