The Analects of Confucius are delivered to the reader in the form of truncated conversations, often only a sentence or two long. This format was initially difficult for me to read, but it grew easier and by the end of the reading I was glad not to have to read anything but the essential portions of speech. The Analects are separated into 20 books, each with its own theme, though sometimes what the theme was was lost on me.

There are several themes that show up repeatedly throughout the text. Dao, commonly translated as “The Way” or “The Path”, is something that can be shown to someone but that person must follow it themself. Li are the rituals one ought to follow in order to be honorable and respectable. Li applies both to behavior in court, making sacrifices to ancestors, and one’s reverence to their parents and older brothers. (I here say older brothers specifically rather than older siblings because women are only mentioned a few times throughout the reading and never in a position of respect or authority). Ren, difficult to translate satisfactorily, can be taken to mean humanity or goodness, though untranslated I found it easier to encompass the full idea of “those traits worth striving for in able to become a good, just person”. Junzi is literally a “true prince”, not one who gained their position by relation, but who possesses the traits that make one a good leader. A junzi doesn’t need to be in a position of power in the government, but they must be pursuant of ren.

My overall impression of Confucius is complicated. I appreciate his focus and desire on virtue coming from an individual trying to perfect themself and that only if one pursued personal perfection were they worthy to lead others. What I disagree about is that a good and just leader will make a good and just society. This attitude sees the lower classes as purely reactionary beings who have no reason of their own.

I have a lot more that I could say about the various themes of the reading and examples thereof, but I don’t think it would be either sufficient or interesting, so I’ll leave this writing as a brief one.