Team 5 Question 1

America came out of World War II stronger than it ever had. Because of that, America saw themselves as the defender of the West, democracy, and civil liberties and Christianity had a huge role in that. Church membership skyrocketed during this time and the government had a huge part to do with it. American put “under God” into the Pledge of Allegiance in 1954 and the country’s official motto became “in God we trust” in 1956. During this time “congregation-centered, non-denominational Protestantism became one of the fastest-growing sectors of Christianity in the nation” (Jacobsen, 204). While many people still identified as Catholics, many of the other popular denominations such as Lutheran, Presbyterian, and Baptist, simply started to identify as just Christian. Through the sixties and into the seventies four movements really put sought to use Christianity to push their social agenda. And those movements were, “civil rights, the “war on poverty,” opposition to the war in Vietnam, and women’s liberation” (Jacobsen 202). This tied Christianity deeply with politics. However, going into the seventies and eighties, people became increasingly interested in secularism and less interested in the church. Evangelism became a way to counteract act this. Many churches gave birth to movements whose many focus was to covert as many people as popular, particularly on the college campuses.

 

All of this contributed, along with the concept religious freedom, to Americans’ understanding of being spiritual rather than religious. With the de-emphasis on denomination, people began to feel that religion is more of an individual’s right to choose. Religion is something that can be experienced personally without necessarily the aid of other individuals or the organized church as a whole. People today prefer the term spiritual rather than religious because religious carries undertones of a certain group affiliation whereas spiritual, people feel, carries undertones of personal lifestyle choices.

 

After taking all 3 courses of History of Christianity, receiving a Bachelor’s in Ministry from a Bible College, and being in the full time ministry for 7 years and leading a church for 2 years, if I had the choice to create a “super Christianity”, I wouldn’t. As I look over the history, I see two things exploited more than anything else: church authority and the authority of the Bible. Many men have come and tried to proclaimed their interpretation of Christianity as the calling of God. Aside from the Catholic church, almost all these movements start and end the same way. It starts as a man, a message, which usually only focuses on one social problem going on in that man’s particular community, then a movement arises that tries to universalize the message into a mission, and finally at some point people began to idealize the man, the message, or the movement and because of that, the movement normally stagnates or eventually declines. Many times this produces more rejecters of Christ than adherents. I believe the church and Bible are important but over the course of time they have been elevated to a position that they should not be. If we look at Christianity in its purest form, the first and second centuries, the Bible was still in the process of being written and “the church” was still an organism rather than what it is today, an organization. Taking all that into consideration, mistakes have always been made anytime someone has tried to brand Christianity and mass produce it. Instead Christianity needs to return to its focus on devotion to Jesus’ teachings, as expressed in what we now consider the Bible. I say let Christianity be defined by the words Jesus taught and let the expression of those teachings be unique to the local communities. That may mean that Christianity in Eugene may “look” different than Christianity in Corvallis, but there’s no need to try and persuade the other group that they need to join a certain church organization or cause to be real Christians or that one group is better than the others. Some other things that can help is the complete separation of church and state. Christians should as much as possible stay out of politics because that did not seem to be what Jesus or the early church was primarily concerned with. The best thing, in my opinion, is to stay away from trying to massly conform Christianity into one big super religion but rather focus local communities on the adherence and expression of Jesus’ teachings. All things can be summed up in loving God and loving your neighbor as yourself.

Team 5 Question 2

Dr. Martin Luther King’s “I’ve Been To The Mountaintop” speech is the last speech he gave before his assassination on April 4, 1968. King came to Memphis to speak to the black sanitation workers who were on strike due to the unfair treatment and working conditions that they experienced at their jobs. King was always a proponent of non violent protest in response to the mistreatment of African Americans. Violence is the natural response of anyone who feels that they have been mistreated but King knows that there is another alternative to affective the much needed change in their community. Instead of violence, which may result in the losing of more African American lives, King proposes that what is instead needed is hit their oppressors economically. For one they should boycott Coca-Cola products until changes have been made. Withholding your manual support by refusing to work for these companies would not be enough. They needed to completely withhold their financial support as well by not buying their products. King knows that the only color that has stronger in influence in the South rather than black or white is green. If you really want your oppressor to pay attention to your cause then you need to emphatically grab their attention by hitting them where it hurts, in the wallet. Secondly, he calls for African Americans to invest in black owned businesses and start black owned banks. He tells them that they will need to pull together for it to work but it is necessary if they are to rise as a people. They needed to get their money completely out of the white owned businesses and focus on building up their communities. This will make them strong as a united people and then they would really have their oppressor’s attention.

Because King is from a Christian background he deeply believes that social and economic justice is not just and American duty but a Christian duty. He believes that the Bible calls anyone who says they are a Christina to take of the cause of the poor and the oppressed. He references Scriptures where Jesus explicitly states that that is the reason for which he came (Luke 4) and Scriptures where Jesus tells others to do the same (Luke 10). Here King is calling for anyone claims to be Christian that this is their time to act. The black community are the poor and needy of the hour and that it is their Christian duty to help. This seems to be a call not just to the African American community but to anybody anywhere that would identify as Christian. He’s bringing attention to the situation going on in Memphis and saying that the true Christian would help these people because it has always been the responsibility of the Christian to take up the cause of the poor and needy.

King’s “I’ve Been To The Mountaintop” and Fredrick Douglas’ “Meaning of the Fourth of July for Negroes” have many similarities. Both speak towards the injustices that are taking place against the African Americans. In both speeches, Douglas and King believes that every person deserves fair treatment and justice. Both call upon the Bible as a source of authority to speak for social change. Like King, Douglas believes that it is the Christian duty to be on the side of the Negro and that to do so would be the unchristian thing to do.

Finally, King’s speech had so many forceful and persuasive parts but I believe his most powerful illustration was his use of the end Deuteronomy. In it Moses is allowed to view the Promised Land but is not able to enter it. King compares himself to Moses in saying that he may not get to see the change that the African American community is headed towards but he knows that it is on the horizon. In this illustration, King eludes to his own death as if he knew he would be the very next day. Given his subsequent death, the people rally around King as a martyr and Messiah figure for the African American community. The illustration was powerful by itself, but his death made it all the more dramatic. It was not just big deal in the African American community but it became worldwide news very fast, making this one of the famous and powerful speeches not just for King, but one of the biggest speeches on social justice of all time.

Team 5 Question 2

“Pietism was a response to the dogmatism of the theologians and the rationalism of the philosophers,” (Gonzalez, 259) Although Pietism refers to only to the German movement led by Philip Jakob Spencer and August Hermann Francke, it had a great impact on many other Christian movements that happened around the same time. Pietism began when Spencer was a pastor in Frankfort. Unlike other pastors who thought their role was simply public preaching and performing sacraments, Spencer believed that he was obligated to help his parishioners foster a personal faith and devotional life. In Frankfort, he began Bible study groups called “colleges of piety”. Spencer believed less emphasis on the difference between laity and clergy and more emphasis on the “priesthood of all believers”. Therefore although believing the right doctrine is important, he believed simply believing the right thing was not sufficient to be a Christian. A Christian must a personal faith the being sanctified through holy living. The most significant impact that the Pietist had on the history of Christianity was the birth of Protestant missions. The previous reformers were so consumed with keeping Protestantism in tact that they devoted little time to the non-Christian world. In 1707 the first mission was established in India. In twenty years the Pietiest movement sent out more missionaries than by all the Protestant churches did since its inception two hundred years earlier.

Five years after experimenting with his “colleges of piety”, Spencer wrote his Pia desideria, which would become the the fundamental charter of Pietism. In the first section of this document, he outlines the importance of the Bible. He believes that it is not sufficient for people to meet together once a week and someone delivers a sermon. He believed that people needed to have their own personal devotional where they read the Bible by themselves. He also suggested that their service should look more like Paul describes in 1 Corinthians 14:26-40. In it, instead of one person preaching for an hour, one may get up and explain a passage. If someone else happens to disagree or have questions then they should then stand and pose their position. In this way, the service operates more like a discussion which will help the entire congregation have a deeper understanding of the Scriptures, which Spencer believes is the most important thing

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