Team 5, Question 1

The colonization of Africa greatly helped Christian missionaries to bring their faith to the African nations. As early as when the Dutch were settling in South Africa Christian missionaries took advantage of the political turmoil to bring people to the faith. They also used free education to promote the Christin faith believing “literacy, hard work, time consciousness, democracy, and self-discipline… necessary components of Christian living” (49). This also made them acceptable to the local governments as they brought a higher level of learning to the people for no charge. The African missionaries were even more important in this time though as they understood the cultures of their people and those such as Harris converted thousands of people. The AIC was also very important in this time and had a more African view of Christianity believing that “acceptability of polygamy,…importance of saints and ancestors,… miracles were common, and the significance of dreams and visions” (51)”. In the post-colonial age this unique African view of Christianity became even more important as many local leadership positions were filled by Africans as many missionaries fled during WWII. These churches were much more focused on the Holy Spirit of Christian faith. In 1971 Gatu called for the stop of all missionaries in Africa and while this did not happen it did signal to the West that Africa was becoming independent and no longer needed guidance from foreign missionaries. In fact they found that where indigenous religions were strong Christianity too flourished.

Ubuntu is a term that means ‘that every human life has value and that all human beings are interconnected”(64), this term has been very influential in helping Christians in war torn and apartheid ruled countries. In a way that is very different from how Western Christianity deals with problems, African Christianity focuses more on forgiving those who have wronged them and helping them heal their souls. In Liberia Christian women came together to stop the war and after to heal the souls of the children soldiers, who had done many crimes against them, in order to rebuild the lives of the children. In South Africa, Tutu stressed to his people the forgiveness of those who had committed crimes under apartheid. In this way Ubuntu helped to bring the communities in Africa back together and heal them fully as opposed to the continuation of violence.

The West has a lot to learn from African Christianity as it pertains to both persecution and forgiveness. While the West does not stand up well to times when they are emotionally being persecuted many in Africa risk their lives to be Christian and accept it willingly as part of the faith. African Christians also forgive those who have wronged them more readily, there was much less stress on forgiving the Nazis than there was forgiving those who took part in the apartheid and in the wars of northern Africa. African believers seem to walk closer in the faith than those in the West, and develop a closer connection within their communities.

Team 5, Question 2

As Gonzales explains the Great Awakening was a time in colonial America when people began to turn to an emotional connection with God. The preachers of this period were known to illicit extreme response from their listeners, as Gonzales states they had “emotional outbursts” (288) which involved fainting and yelling out during services. Although many never set out to cause such reactions the preachers gained them from putting their parishioners in connection with their emotions. Critics of this movement condemned this style believing it to be “undermining the solemnity of worship” (289) and “substitution emotion for study and devotion” (289). But despite what the critics believed this style was surprisingly efficient, showing many more people coming to Christ and dramatic lifestyle changes. The preachers stressed the emotional revelation and did not feel you were saved unless you had the experience of conversion. This belief that you had to have a personal relationship with the lord lead to many to reject child baptism, and started conversations about human rights and the role of government.

In Edward’s “Sinners in the Hands of an angry God” he uses this stress on emotion to make it clear to his parish the state of their salvation. In this piece of writing he states that all people are evil and that all wicked people believe they can save themselves from hell. But, Edward’s stresses that all men are destined for hell and are only held up by God. He stresses that salvation can only be achieved through belief in Christ. He envisions God as angry at the people he holds in his hand and just as bad as those who are already in hell. God is angry at his people for not turning to Christ and believing that they hold themselves away from hell.

Edwards brings the readers to see themselves in the sermon by his descriptive language that paints a vivid picture. He describes God’s support as a “hand” and hell as a “pit”. This helps his readersrd turn abstract terms into concrete items. He also uses “you” in order to make the sermon personal. Edward’s goal in describing such an angry God is to illicit emotional response. Anger from the supreme being should illicit fear from the people. He hoped it would help them to see the magnitude of their sin and turn to Christ so they may save their soul from hell.

Luther’s Reformation

Martin Luther’s life was a journey of finding salvation and through that condemning the church of their faults. As a child he grew up in a strict household, he was severely punished for mistakes and disobedience. He was sent to the best schools so that one day he would become a lawyer as his father wished. He was also a devote member of his church being both an altar boy and a part of the choir. In this stage of his life he believed God to be a severe judge and that the church was a ruling body to be strictly obeyed. As he grew older he was sent to Erfurt college to study law. Soon before he was to graduate from the college the black plague swept through the city and he encountered widespread death and fear of God’s retribution. During this time, he also was put into peril by a thunderstorm, during which he became aware that if he did not repent he would be going to hell. So he made a deal with God on that day that if he were to survive he would become a monk. Against his parents will he joined the Augustinian monastery, a very strict monastery that he believed would keep him away from the world thus earning his way into heaven. In his time in the monastery he did not believe that he was getting any closer to God, despite living the way that made so many others sure of their salvation he still felt that he was unsaved. In order to get closer to his salvation he went on a pilgrimage to Rome. There he found that the Papacy was concerned primarily with earning money and earthly pleasures. He found that they were selling experiences that were supposed to be used to save the souls of people. He began to doubt then that the church’s teachings would truly lead him to salvation, and even became angry at God. He went back to the monastery and continued to doubt his salvation until his confessioner made him take a position at the University of Wittenberg. He was employed as a professor of biblical studies, where he began to have a deeper understanding of God when he not only had to study the word but teach it to others. Through his study he discovered a new meaning to Romans 1:17 where he realized that people could not earn their way into heaven as it is not their own righteousness that saved them but God. He now believed that salvation was between a person and God, not a person and the church. It was only after this revelation that he truly believed his soul to be saved. It still was not until after Pope Leo X took the papacy that he wrote his 95 theses against the church, and most notably the Pope’s sale of indulgences. This greatly angered the Pope who declared him a heretic, the punishment of which was death. But his constant attempts to capture Luther were unsuccessful both because of the local church support of Luther and the change in the Imperial Throne in which he was given temporary truce in order to win favor with Frederick the Wise of Saxony, who was the candidate of choice of the Pope. When Frederick the Wise lost the seat of the Imperial Throne he had Luther taken away and protected him from both the Emperor and the Pope.

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