Pablo Clavó

This week I got to spend 5 days on the road, travelling to different communities locals have difficulty locating on a map. My time was split up between the Department Olancho and the Department Choluteca. After spending time a month in Tegucigalpa I am able to identify the disparity of wealth in rural regions. In Olancho I walked by one-story houses, packed tightly in a row. With no yard, the children play in the dirt street. These houses appear sturdy; however, they are missing many of the “essential” amenities (air conditioning, tile/ceramic or wood floors, wooden doors, windows, refrigerators, and a gas/electric stove to name a few ). While not life-threatening, it could be difficult to get by in 85 degree summer days. Later in the week, I visited some rural regions Choluteca. Having talked to my co-workers, I learned that Choluteca is a poor department with families living off of $4-6 USD a day. The houses here were constructed out of any available building materials. As I drove by, I saw some being built with foraged sticks, adobe, and a sheet metal roof. Without a reliable trash or water system, the families have to take alternative measures to make the space livable. This includes burning their trash, buying 16oz plastic water pouches to drink, and doing whatever they can to stay cool. On the typical humid 95 degrees Summer day, families hang out under tree canopies or any available shade until dusk or dawn to do their work. After being immersed in these communities, I am motivated to do whatever I can to help.

However good my intentions may be, I always feel a slight battle in presenting my willingness to help. When I talk to patients I am either presented with joy or neglect as if I do not exist. This duality has been difficult to navigate as a volunteer with little say over the services at our outreaches. Some of the most common questions include:

“Where are you from?”

“What is your race?”

“Where do you go to school/what do you study?”

When I answer these questions, I transform into a native Spanish speaker. However, once they ask unscripted questions I have difficulty comprehending its meaning. In an attempt to speak more quickly, I started Spanish learning tongue-twisters:

Pablo clavó un clavito.

¿Qué clavito clavó Pablito?

While these are fun, I am feeling my Spanish-immersion training reaching a dead end. In hopes to further improve my fluency I, want to start studying grammar and vocabulary every day.

I hope this will help, as there is one question I always wish I could answer better: “Do you believe in god?”

This question is difficult for me to answer, as I was raised Buddhist, then stopped attending the Temple in the 2nd or 3rd grade. After that, I never regularly attended church or desired to be apart of one. The most difficult part is when I tell them, “I believe in some form of a higher power, but not an orthodox one.” This is shocking as a majority of people here are actively religious and try to convert me on the spot. This led to my questioning of religion’s place in this country.

One of our stops was a Teen Challenge campus, located 30 minutes outside Tegucigalpa. Having never heard of this camp, I was slightly confused when I saw English written on the signs. A quick google search told me everything I needed to know. These establishments help individuals who practice unhealthy behaviours by rehabilitating them with Christianity. We drove up to the long dirt road toward a ranch-like summer camp. It was located 1/2 mile inland from the highway and extremely isolated from its neighbours. Behind the property is a cemetery and to its right is a military training base. Like all neighbourhoods around Tegucigalpa, we drove my an armed guard at the gate. After we got through, I saw a series of buildings connected by an intricate set of concrete paths. The weaves within the paths created beautiful alcoves and table to admire the beautiful countryside. Despite the fact that the campus was built on a hill, everything was built carefully to account for its minuscule changes. In-between the paths were beautiful arrangements of flowers, carefully manicured trees, and signs of carefully selected bible verses. This felt like a beautiful sanctuary for anyone who is trying to improve themselves; however, is it necessary that they use Christianity? Is it fair that individuals who are struggling with drug abuse or self-destructive behaviour get whitelisted from this facility because they are not Christian? While there is a clear division between church and state in the United States, the line is not well defined here.

 

Furthermore, El Centro de Salud Integral Zoe (Zoe Health Center) is a non-profit organization with a Christian identity. This has been integrated into both the branding and marketing of the clinic. On days of surgery, there is a pastor sharing bible verses, talking to patients, and blessing them before their surgery. Furthermore, the clinic has adopted the logo of Vida Abundante churches (or vice versa). Regardless of who came first, it is apparent that the churches are integral to the outreaches of the clinic. The logistical work is delegated from the administrative team to the outreach team, and then the local church. With the help of the local pastors, we have set up our outreach clinic in both public schools and churches. While I do not think that all of Zoe’s patients attend this congregation, I do believe it has an impact on who attends the clinic. It is possible that those who are not religious or do not belong to Vida Abundante have a difficult time being informed about our pop-up clinic. As a result, they may miss both the opportunity to get their vision checked and/or schedule a vision-restoring surgery. While this challenge is rooted in an insufficient infrastructure/network, I could not imagine a more cost-effective method. I have witnessed the intersection between religion and health care services. While I wish I could say it is negligible, I know it is not true. Due to a lack of health services the professional sphere of healthcare is merging with social organizations to improve access. While I cannot comment on its effectiveness, I do believe this will have a larger impact in the years to come.

Life is good in Tegucigalpa! This marks halfway through my time with the clinic.

 

See ya next week

Data Data Data

By the end of my third week, I will have interviewed over 40 patients: ~35 at the main clinic in Tegucigalpa and ~5 in outreach clinics outside the city. By the end of the Summer, my goal is to achieve 100 total interviews. Since my program is expected to last an additional 5 more weeks, I am projected to exceed my goal. This might be helpful as I have some incomplete data sets from patients who had to leave early. This research update will focus on my experience in interviewing patients, preliminary findings, and future plans.

In my first few weeks, I have learned a lot about the logistics of conducting my questionnaire to patients in and outside the city. Originally, I had anticipated interviewing patients after they have received services from the clinic. When put into motion, this plan fell apart because patients would leave soon after they had received services. To recruit individuals, I started approaching patients waiting for services. This has worked in my favor, as these patients typically sit without entertainment. The second hurdle was figuring out how to work with a translator. Prior to arriving here, I thought the consent and survey would be difficult to administer. Soon after, I outgrew this problem. The increased familiarity with the consent process, questions, and answers helped me independently conduct the process. On my second day, I started working with a clinic affiliate that is bilingual in English and Spanish. She helped me review my questions for both cultural significance and grammatical errors. With her help I conducted my first few interviews. She gave me the confidence in my ability to approach and converse with patients. I am feeling more confident and capable in my ability to collect accurate data. Although I can feel my research get limited by the format of my consent form, I have found alternative techniques. Currently my form requires a witness to confirm the consent of the target patient. In theory this would be easy, as the translator would act as my witness for every interview. Without the translator it is more difficult for me to find a volunteer. Depending on the situation, I have used the help of nearby clinic employees, family members, and nearby strangers. In attempt to lower my burden on the clinic, I tend to choose individuals who are sitting in pairs because it is easy to find a witness who is willing to help. The final part of my experience has thus far highlighted my interest in social science research. Every connection I make, feels rewarding. Some of my most meaningful conservations occur after the survey. At the end of the study, I allow the interviewee to ask me questions about myself and/or the study. Soon after I started implementing this, the time for and interview increased by ~10 minutes. I have talked with patients about my post-graduation plans, history of my family, and everything in-between. Building these types of connections motivates me to pursue this research and provide the most I can to this clinic.

The data I have collected presents high rates of hypertension (52%) and a relatively low rate of diabetes (16%). Since my results are strictly limited to the patients that visit the ZOE health clinic, I have to account for the patient bias. The ZOE health clinic attracts a specific patient that is seeking low-cost treatment. In addition to this, there are cataract diagnosed patients from the outreaches that receive free cataract surgery. My results are not a direct representation of the population or any specific community. They best represent a sample of patients who visit the ZOE health clinic. Knowing this, the data identifies these smaller trends. Roughly I found this relationship surprising as the academic literature highlights diabetes an underreported issue. While this may be due to lack of diagnosis services, I am finding this is not related to the patients’ knowledge of the co-morbidity between diabetes and cataracts. An overwhelming majority of the female spouse/feminine head of household’s highest level of school is Primary School.

Going forward with my research, I anticipate collecting over 100 sets of data. Given my current schedule, it will be difficult to collect a large sample size from other locations. I hope to conduct 5-10 interviews in each unique community outside the main clinic in Tegucigalpa. I will be spending time in three separate departments: Olancho, El Paraíso, and Colón. One of the most common barriers to access to affordable health care is cost. A majority of the patients I am interviewing have come to the ZOE Health Clinic for eye care services (ophthalmology consultation, optometry, and cataract surgery). In the other clinics of Honduras, the cost of Cataract surgery is far outside the affordability of the working class family. As a result, this has lead to high demand and thus, a shortage of services. Patients have to schedule surgeries 2 months in advance, which is both time-consuming and difficult to arrange. This got me interested in understanding the impact of the ZOE health clinic in the larger arena of Honduras Health Care. I am working on some infographics to display preliminary data. They should be ready by Week 6 (August 1).

El Chaparro

In El Chaparro, the school is the only building with electricity. Around 8 in the morning we drive up the rocky dirt road. Once the highway falls out of view, I notice a woman plucking the feathers from a chicken. An experience I had only witnessed through film or imagined. Watching this natural act felt like a breach of their privacy. I had never watched the feathers being plucked, much less a freshly killed chicken on the cutting block. I thought about how distanced I have been from the preparation of our food. This along with countless other observations has led to the reevaluation of my privilege. I am thankful for it all. 4 hours later in the day, we are presented with a plate of chicken, rice and tortillas, I ate my plate clean.

I had never needed to worry about food security, financial hardships, or expensive health care. This type of privilege has allowed me to invest my time and energy into my education, something many people are unable to do in Honduras. While conducting my interviews I ask the question, “What is the highest level of education of the wife or female head of household?” This question has provided me with both insights into the average patient and access to education. An overwhelming majority of participants have reported their highest level as primary or part of primary school (Grades K-6). While I am not sure why they did not continue their studies, I am certain about this geographical disparity. Regardless of education level, people are both resilient and rising. On our outreaches, I am greeted with a handshake and smiles. Although we are from vastly different backgrounds I feel accepted into their community as if I had lived there my whole life.

For the next 3 weeks, I will be spending 1/2 of the week at the Tegucigalpa main clinic and the other half at outreach locations. This week I visited the pueblito El Chaparro in the Olancho Department. The Olancho Department is the largest in Honduras and located 3 hours away by car. While subsiding carsickness, I was trapped by the beautiful scenery. The highway curves in-between 2 large mountain ranges. Its twists and turns take us to city Juticalpa where we spend the night. We wake the next day, leaving for El Chaparo immediately after breakfast. The small town has about 150 members. In 4-6 hours we were able to provide visual acuity tests for 82 patients. For those who qualified, we gave them the appropriate reading or sunglasses. The team consisted of Doctor. Vasquez, Viktor the optometrist and I. I am responsible for distributing the correct glasses prescribed by the optometrist and doctor. As I distributed glasses, I felt intimately connected to my patients. Gifting them glasses that would allow them to read with ease or prevent the development of future pterygiums has changed the way I value my own belongings and access to health services.

In the classroom, it is hard to imagine a village that does not have access to healthcare. While academics and creatives have created windows into this world through interviews and narratives, it cannot compare to personal experience. Working outside my comfort zone was more powerful than any classroom experience. While I have discussed objectives for global health in a worry-free lecture hall, the provision of regular health care feels distant and intangible in areas like El Chaparro. The cost of Health services is staggering and the community members are nowhere near making enough money to pay for it. I hope to further explore the logistics of this question as I spend time in more isolated communities.

By the end of my third week, I have spent over 10 days in the Operating Room (OR). The daily protocol has become muscle memory. Each morning I arrive at 7, change into scrubs, and carefully adjust my hairnet. When I enter the OR I submit to the doctor’s commands. I help where I can: turning the light on and off, assisting with patient intake, and cleaning up after surgeries. Depending on the day, I have spent anywhere between a quick 3 hours and 7 hours observing surgeries. Through Unite For Sight, I have helped finance 10+ cataract surgeries. These were offered to patients who could not regularly afford these services.

It was a great week! Check out my Research Update

Sent from my iPhone

Before coming to Honduras I had only seen a cataract surgery once. During Winter term freshman year (Winter 2017), the professor of medical terminology showed the class a 3-minute animated video of a cataract surgery. By the end of this week, I have shadowed over 20 cataract surgeries, 1 pneumatic retinopexy surgery, 1 chalazion surgery, and 1 pterygium surgery. This experience is extremely unique, yet it could not be farther than my expectations.

At the beginning of my college career, I had wanted to attend medical school and practice medicine. It was after I completed the pre-med requirements when I decided that I found my passion for public health. Since this change in thought, I started focusing on medical anthropology, ethics, and the social determinants of health. Knowing this shift in interests and professional objectives, why would I want to routinely observe surgeries? In the operating room, I feel helpless. The nurses and doctors have developed their own method of communication. Through a mix of gestures, Spanish medical terminology, and commands they operate effectively and efficiently. On most days, there is an average of 4-7 eye surgeries varying in length.

 

El Quíofano

This is the operating (“El Quírofano”) room of the ZOE health clinic. While there are two operating rooms, I primarily shadow surgeries in this room. It is unique in the sense that there are two patients in the operating room at the same time. When doing cataract surgeries, the patient “on-deck” is waiting to be operated on the other bench.

Having no professional training, I feel as if I am a burden in the operating room. The extent of my responsibilities involves assisting patient intake (collecting vitals), opening the door for patients, and cleaning-up after surgeries. With so much restriction, the operating room feels likes a waste of time. It was only when I asked about my schedule, did I learn about an alternative motive. Every eligible surgery I watch results in financial support from Unite For Sight. The donation per surgery is enough to offset the cost of the surgery such that it is free; however, if I am not present for the operation, the clinic does not receive any support. As a result, I am placed in a difficult position because I want to help the clinic, yet I do not want to spend excess time in the operating room. Due to my extended program with the clinic, I have decided to continue watching the surgeries because the financial support is larger than any work I can currently do. Although the operating room does not contribute to my professional objective or personal interests, I want the ZOE health clinic to receive as much support as it can from Unite For Sight. I have reached out to Unite For Sight and asked for their clarification. I believe this policy does not allow the flexibility and individuality of a volunteer abroad program.

 

Los instrumentos

These are some of the surgical instruments used in the surgeries. All of the items are either sanitized or discarded after waste.

La lente

This is the removed lens of a cataract patient. Patients with more occluded eyes tend to have a darker and larger lens. When held, the lense is hard and the size of a small pebble. Cataract surgeries replace this lens with an artificial one. 

After watching all the surgeries, I spend time in the clinic’s waiting rooms interviewing patients. As of this post, I have collected 20 sets of data, which is 1/5 of my goal. Stay tuned next week for a more detailed report on my research and its findings.

As told by many of my co-workers, “bastante español“. Many continue to be surprised by my ability to converse and understand Spanish. I have had countless conversations about my heritage, local cuisine, and which state is Oregon. Immersion has presented itself with difficulty as I ran into a problem over the weekend. Not only did I forget to exchange USD for local Lempiras, but my phone also stopped charging. Without the crutch of google translate, I had to both exchange money and find a tech repair shop. The receptionist at my hotel helped me with money and I happened upon a repair shop at the mall down the street. For a low fee of 300 Lempiras ($12), I got the charging port of my iPhone replaced. I am happy to report that there are no other bumps or hitches this week. The research and work continue to flow smoothly, although at times it feels like the same day every day.