The final paragraph, “Personal values matter a great deal. Without them, we cannot live at all, they are just as essential as air, food and water” (19) is a great summary of what I conclude of this reading. Personal values are such a critical part of being a human, without them we would be cookie cutter and with no unique opinions of beliefs. This article certainly created questions and self reflection on how I have become the person I am with the values that I hold.

The section titled “The Most Basic Ways We Come to “Know” Something”, are categories that I have never considered before, but I definitely agree with. In my life, after contemplating which categories I use most and why, I believe that I use all of them (sense, logic, emotion, intuition) fairly evenly. My values based around religion, for example; I concluded that I used both sense experience and emotion in defining my faith. Sense, because my family has told me countless stories of their faith and how it has changed their lives, as well as hearing sermons and talking with other people of faith throughout my church community. Emotion, because when I attend church or are involved in religious activities, I feel enlightened and connected in a way that just feels right. Regarding the two major synthetic mental modes, I fall into the authority category when regarding religion.

These categories certainly all play a significant role into how I have developed and chosen my personal values. When the reading began questioning if there were other modes of developing values, I began brainstorming of other possible categories, but anything I came up with fell into one of the broader categories that was already listed.

“Not only is the very desire to be objective a “value judgement” or bias, so is the desire to define, categorize, compare, and contrast the different ways that we choose values” (17). This quote ties up the chapter in a nutshell for me. How people feel about values, whether they disagree with one another or feel they base their value off the wrong internal mental mode is pretty irrelevant in my opinion. I can’t imagine a world where everyone’s values are based off the same reasoning (logic, sense, emotion, etc.). This reading certainly exposes and peels away all the layers choosing and developing values, and I agree that this reading can “spark a more meaningful dialogue between opposing viewpoints” (19).