Cultural and Historical Development of the Toilet in the West (and East)
Elena Kato
The research was about the design of toilets and its cultural and historical significance to them throughout the timeline. The theme of my research throughout this term focused on the evolving typology of bathrooms throughout European and American history from the 1500s to the present, as well as some other notable countries like Japan that were influenced by the west. As cultural ideologies shift from its influence of historical events, it is important to study the transformation of toilet typologies in regards to how it interacts with the bathroom and other rooms in the domestic and commercial realm. Climate change and its correlation to human rights is a cultural phenomenon that continues to be recognized, and the current design of the toilet does not reflect their values in terms of sustainability and longevity. Most of the sources used were secondary sources from the UO library that included diagrams or photos to explain the concept. After the research, I have found the way people use toilets in the west most reveals the accepted or expected behaviors of mannerisms and formality and has developed into a more private space rather than an open, social space.
Not Just Men or Women
Discusses the bathroom design of English toilets that exclues trans and non-gender conforming people.
Metabolic Toilet in a Capsule
Discusses concepts during the Metabolism movement and its influence on the toilet design.
Group Homepage
Toilet projects or typologies in the West and East
Bibliography
Astington, John H. “Going to the Theatre: Toilet Facilities in the Early Playhouses.” Theatre Notebook, vol. 66, no. 2, June 2012, p. 98+. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A323974199/AONE?u=euge94201&sid=AONE&xid=8e34a00d. Accessed 22 Jan. 2021.
Ball, Aimee Lee. In All-Gender Restrooms, the Signs Reflect the Times. 5 Nov. 2015, www.nytimes.com/2015/11/08/style/transgender-restroom-all-gender.html#commentsContainer.
Ingrey, Jennifer. “Problematizing the Cisgendering of School Washroom Space: Interrogating the Politics of Recognition of Transgender and Gender Non-Conforming Youth.” Gender & Education, vol. 30, no. 6, Sept. 2018, pp. 774–789. EBSCOhost, doi:10.1080/09540253.2018.1483492.
Koolhaas, Rem. Elements of Architecture. Tashen, 2018.
Kurokawa, Kishō. Metabolism in Architecture. London: Studio Vista, 1977. Print, pp. 75-119.
(2016) Peeing under surveillance: bathrooms, gender policing, and hate violence, Gender, Place & Culture, 23:7, 983-988, DOI: 10.1080/0966369X.2015.1073699.
Police Foundation. Archival Review of Sexual Assault Complaints in Places of Public Accomodation, https://www.policefoundation.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/PF_Research-Brief_JULY-2017-FINAL-1.pdf. Accessed 12 Feb. 2021.
Todd, Ian Scott. “Dirty Books: Modernism and the Toilet.” Modern Fiction Studies, vol. 58, no. 2, 2012, pp. 191–213. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/26287335.
Vogel, Gretchen. “Finding a New Way to Go.” Science, vol. 337, no. 6095, 2012, pp. 673–673. JSTOR, www.jstor.org/stable/23268851.
Images
Figure 1:
Woodcut comic from Astington, John H. “Going to the Theatre: Toilet Facilities in the Early Playhouses.” Theatre Notebook, vol. 66, no. 2, June 2012, p. 101. Gale Academic OneFile, link.gale.com/apps/doc/A323974199/AONE?u=euge94201&sid=AONE&xid=8e34a00d. Accessed 22 Jan. 2021.
Figure 2:
Students campaign for a gender-neutral bathroom from Higgins, Marissa. “LGBT Students Are Still Not Safe at School.” The Atlantic. Atlantic Media Company, 19 Oct. 2016. Web. 18 Mar. 2021.
Figure 3:
@sennachanel. “Interior, Bathroom, Art Direction: Nakagin Capsule Tower, Kisho Kurokawa, Tiny House Furniture.” Pinterest. Web. 14 Mar. 2021.