Abstract
The following essays analyze the different ways in which waste has been controlled in the city of Paris, France from the sewage systems of the Industrial Revolution to the open-air urinals in modern-day Paris. Research from multiple primary sources uncovered a pattern in the way waste control systems, such as public restrooms and sewage systems, were analyzed and redesigned to be more efficient and effective. This pattern relates to approaching the problem of the current waste control at the time with an unexpected perspective to result in significant progress and an overall more successful system. Because sewage systems are not intended to be visible to the public, this pattern of new perspectives implies that even something as technical as a sewage system requires a level of design and a design process.
Phase 1
This essay explores the recent introduction of open-air urinals in Paris called “uritrottoirs” as well as the inequality that these products enforce.
Phase 2
This essay analyzes primary sources from Inustrial Revolution Paris regarding sweage systems and their redesigning.
Bibliography
1. Capezzuto, Eloisa, et al. “Equalettes.” Https://static1.Squarespace.com/Static/59b599f88419c20a25d86fcf/t/5b6cb5f8aa4a992cbaac24ed/1533851129625/Equalettes.pdf.
2. George Gordon Hoskins. An Hour with a Sewer Rat; or, A Few Plain Hints on House Drainage and Sewer Gas. 1879. Internet Archive, https://archive.org/details/anhourwithasewe00hoskgoog/page/n72/mode/2up
3. Gandy, Matthew. “The Paris Sewers and the Rationalization of Urban Space.” Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, vol. 24, no. 1, [Royal Geographical Society (with the Institute of British Geographers), Wiley], 1999, pp. 23–44.