Endangered cultures are cultures that are in the process of being displaced, whether that be from expansion of modern areas, loss of natural resources and land, or simply the culture being lost to time. The aspect of culture that Wade Davis attributes to the loss of it is language. Davis says that rare languages often do not get taught to children, essentially erasing their everyday use and leaving it to be survived solely by those who study it. An example of this phenomena, although not an indigenous group, would be the language of Irish Gaelic. Most residents of Ireland do not speak Irish, so therefore it is not taught in schools. 

Cameroonian indigenous are often divided into two distinct categories. The first are the hunter-gatherer “pygmies.” This group consists of the Bakola, with around 20,000 people, the Baka, with around 40,000, and the Bedzan, with less than 1,500. The second group, the Mbororo, make up approximately 12% of the country’s population of over 20 million. These peoples reside along the border in the mountainous regions of cameroon. 

A significant issue that these groups face is a sort of gentrification of their tribe. As people come in and try to aid in keeping records and educating the youth, many of the tribes’ traditional cultural values end up being replaced, creating a strange cultural confusion among younger members.

Loss of biodiversity is a severe issue in cameroon. The large indigenous population relies on many of its natural resources due to the practice of natural medicine, which means a decline in biodiversity would disproportionately affect the rural population. Cameroon has one of the highest rates of species endangerment, currently sitting at 61%.

Sources

https://www.iwgia.org/en/cameroon/743-indigenous-peoples-in-cameroon

https://www.ifad.org/en/web/knowledge/-/country-technical-note-on-indigenous-peoples-issues-in-the-republic-of-cameroon#:~:text=The%20Republic%20of%20Cameroon%20has,give%20up%20their%20traditional%20livelihoods.

https://dicf.unepgrid.ch/cameroon/biodiversity#:~:text=According%20to%20the%20key%20findings,in%20the%20semi%2Darid%20area.

Endangered cultures are cultures that are threatened with extinction just as a plant or animal may be for various reasons. I agree with Wade Davis about the importance of these cultures which include fascinating ways of living and mindsets to the world. He also says that these get destroyed not through technology or even change, but through the wrong use of power. What threatens the integrity of the diverse ethnosphere is the face of domination. They are driven out of existence by identifiable forces way beyond their capacity to adapt to, such as widespread deforestation, disease, change in climate, change in sea level, or loss of land. He brings up how genocide is condemned but ethnocide is not, which I agree with. He gives many examples where the world sits by and watches an ancient culture dissolve in front of our eyes. A big example from my region would be the Fulani which was a prominent nomadic pastoralist community that roamed all of Northern and Western Africa and are especially seen in Nigeria. 

Africa is most definitely experiencing a loss of culture that is more strongly seen than in other parts of the world. Africa is such a massive continent with literally hundreds of different cultures in the form of tribes that cover the landscape. A large reason for this was imperialism and the conquering of these people as well as drawing arbitrary lines through the land that lead to massive conflicts. Some of these effects can still be seen today throughout the countries plus all the other shifts that reduce the passing down of ancestral knowledge which leads to the gradual death of these cultures. Fulani is a great example of this as they were once a great power in the upper region of Africa that have now been reduced to more of the Western states mainly in Nigeria and in Cameroon. They are experiencing loss of culture due to the growth of agriculture, globalization, climate change and loss of native lands, and loss of education of younger members of old ways issues. It is interesting how the loss of biodiversity is closely correlated to a loss of culture as some of the native people can trace lineage back hundreds if not thousands of years. When you become so tied to the land with a deep well of knowledge and reliance on it. It can be extremely difficult, borderline impossible, to just switch up and change lifestyle which is what is happening through globalization. As previously mentioned in my blog, Northern Africa is experiencing climate change like the rest of the world and notably the expansion of the Saharan desert that makes the land less livable overall.

Another culture that is experiencing loss is the Toubou culture in the Tibesti Mountains near Niger who are facing similar problems with an added on of political unrest. Political unrest and civil wars do not leave room for the preservation of native cultures as groups only have eyes on domination through power.

Sources:

https://kids.britannica.com/students/article/Fulani/324049#:~:text=The%20Fulani%20people%20live%20in,are%20a%20primarily%20Muslim%20people.

https://www.africanbudgetsafaris.com/blog/african-tribes-african-culture-and-african-traditions/

https://www.101lasttribes.com/tribes/toubou.html

https://education.nationalgeographic.org/resource/africa-human-geography/

https://www.ted.com/talks/wade_davis_on_endangered_culturesLinks to an external site.

globalscholarsblog was created with the goal of informing readers upon current events in all regards to society about Northern Africa. We intentionally selected this region of the world as it is an under explored and underrepresented part of the world in world news and we ourselves lacked even basic knowledge of the countries located there. We post a series of blogs that relate to a nation within the region and an important current event going on there as well as the interworkings of trade and relations between the nations. We also host group discussions where we dive more deeply into questions posted and apply them to our specific part of the world. This gives us the opportunity to discuss events in a less formal research way that allows us to be more involved and knowledgeable.

Welcome to our blog!

Richard Anderson and Tim Mullen.

Hi, my name is Tim and I am from the Portland area. Most of my family has at least some interest in learning foreign languages, with myself being no exception. No foreign language classes were offered throughout elementary and middle school, which meant I came into high school with increased curiosity and motivation. It is because of this interest in both languages and foreign affairs that I joined the Global Engagement ARC.

I am from Portland, Oregon and have had a passion and interest in travel. I have been able to travel to multiple countries around the world with my family and will likely continue to do so as I get older. I find differences in culture, social mindsets, and terrain to be worth engaging in, hence why I joined the Global ARC. 

Burkina Faso and Power Struggles

Burkina Faso is a nation in West Africa that has had a long history of power struggles, coups, and violent transitions of power, but unlike Nigeria, they have not yet shifted toward democracy enough. The most recent coup attempt failed as it was blocked by the military government headed by president Ibrahim Traoré. 

Burkina Faso, like many other nations in Africa, was conquered by a European power, in this case France, that dominated the landscape and influenced the culture for decades. That is until they gained their independence in 1960 as apart of the decolonization era. The state set up a true government in the 1990s holding its first by popular vote and reforming the governmental structure to a semi presidential system. Other notable changes was the changing of the name from Upper Volta (for the river they lived beside) to Burkina Faso which literally translates to ‘land of the upright men.’ 

Burkina Faso on a map

President Blaise Compaoré was elected without much opposition in 1987 and held the office until protesting and demonstrations forced him to resign in 2014. This lead to a power struggle that ultimately culminated to a military coup that lead to the current president’s rule since September 2022. Historically, any country that is headed by the leader of the military is typically not a good sign and in this case it is no exception. 

President Ibrahim holding a press conference 

Just from the picture alone you can likely interpret that the nation is under strict control form the military and any demonstrations or protest will be met harshly. Even so far as to hit civilians with live artillery and injuring and killing many during protests. The most recent attempt was sparked internally by a few chief officers within the military. They have since been stopped by being captured or put on the run with bounties on their heads.

Overall, Burkina Faso is in a state of turmoil and extremely weak leadership and growth opportunities for the nation. Unfortunately, the nation does not seem to have even a brighter distant horizon and it will take the resistance of the population and the complete reconstruction of the government to get on the right track. Politically they are in a struggle which ultimately trickles down to the quality of life and safety of the citizens. Africa as a whole is in the limelight of the world for developing nations and hopefully they can learn from one another and the world to improve their nations together.

Sources:

https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/9/28/burkina-fasos-military-rulers-say-coup-attempt-foiled-plotters-arrested 

https://www.sahistory.org.za/place/burkina-faso#:~:text=A%20former%20French%20colony%2C%20it,a%20popular%20uprising%20in%202014. 

https://www.britannica.com/place/Burkina-Faso 

https://www.france24.com/en/africa/20221015-burkina-faso-coup-leader-ibrahim-traore-named-transitional-president 

In recent years, Senegal has faced a growing and complex migrant crisis that has captured the attention of the international community. This crisis has prompted discussions about the root causes, consequences, and potential solutions to address the challenges faced by Senegalese migrants. In this blog post, we will explore the various aspects of the migrant crisis in Senegal, shedding light on the causes, consequences, and the efforts being made to mitigate its impact.

Understanding the Migrant Crisis

1. Economic Factors

One of the primary drivers of migration from Senegal is economic hardship. High unemployment rates, a lack of economic opportunities, and low wages have led many Senegalese citizens to seek better prospects abroad. They often hope to secure better jobs, support their families, and escape poverty.

2. Environmental Challenges

Senegal is also grappling with environmental issues that have contributed to the migrant crisis. Climate change, desertification, and unpredictable weather patterns have disrupted traditional livelihoods, such as farming and fishing. This has forced many to look elsewhere for sustenance.

3. Perceived Quality of Life Abroad

Another significant factor is the perception that life in Europe or other Western countries offers a better quality of life. This belief fuels the aspiration to migrate and often results in perilous journeys across the sea.

4. Political Unrest

As of my last knowledge update in September 2021, there were protests and political tensions in Senegal. The protests were sparked by various factors, including allegations of corruption, economic hardships, and the arrest of opposition leader Ousmane Sonko.

Consequences of the Crisis

1. Loss of Lives

The most tragic consequence of the migrant crisis is the loss of lives. Many Senegalese migrants embark on dangerous journeys, often on overcrowded and unseaworthy boats, risking their lives in the hope of a brighter future. Tragically, not all of them reach their intended destinations.

2. Family Disruption

The migration of family members can lead to the disruption of family units and increased responsibilities for those left behind. Children and spouses often face economic and emotional challenges when a parent or provider leaves in search of better opportunities.

3. Human Trafficking and Exploitation

The migrant crisis has created opportunities for human traffickers and unscrupulous individuals who exploit vulnerable migrants. This includes the risk of forced labor, sexual exploitation, and other forms of abuse.

4. Social Unrest

Political issues and social unrest in Senegal have significantly contributed to the migrant problem in the country. Under the leadership of President Macky Sall, Senegal has faced challenges related to political stability and social discontent. The 2019 arrest and imprisonment of prominent opposition leader Ousmane Sonko led to protests and demonstrations, highlighting the growing frustrations with the government’s policies. Such political tensions, combined with economic hardships and a lack of trust in the government’s ability to address the people’s needs, have pushed many Senegalese citizens to seek better opportunities abroad. The resulting migration crisis reflects the consequences of these internal issues, with many individuals hoping to find more favorable conditions in other countries.

Efforts to Address the Crisis

1. Awareness and Education

Educational initiatives aimed at informing potential migrants about the risks and challenges they may face abroad are essential. NGOs and government agencies are working to raise awareness about the dangers of irregular migration.

2. Economic Development

Addressing the root causes of migration requires comprehensive economic development strategies. Senegal is working on initiatives to stimulate economic growth, create jobs, and support vulnerable communities.

3. Strengthening Border Security

Improved border security measures are being implemented to reduce the risks migrants face during their journeys. This includes efforts to combat human trafficking and smuggling networks.

4. International Cooperation

Senegal is actively engaging with international partners to address the migrant crisis. Cooperation with destination countries, especially in Europe, is essential to create safe and legal pathways for migration.

In conclusion, Senegal’s migrant crisis is a multifaceted challenge with deep-seated causes and far-reaching consequences. While there is no quick-fix solution, the combined efforts of the Senegalese government, international organizations, and NGOs are making strides towards addressing this crisis. It is essential to continue raising awareness, improving economic prospects, and ensuring the safety and well-being of migrants to alleviate the suffering caused by irregular migration. Ultimately, a sustainable solution to the migrant crisis in Senegal will require a combination of short-term relief and long-term development initiatives that focus on the root causes of migration.

Author Zoie Stevers

Sources:
https://www.thenewhumanitarian.org/news-feature/2020/12/7/senegal-canary-islands-migration-overfishing-coronavirus-restrictions

Senegal

https://english.elpais.com/spain/2023-10-13/why-is-there-a-new-surge-in-migrant-boats-to-spains-canary-islands.html
https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-66976447#
https://www.npr.org/2023/02/06/1154901472/how-foreign-overfishing-is-driving-migration-crisis-in-senegal

Despite being an economic powerhouse in Africa, recently Ghana has experienced a complete economic downward spiral due to several government- caused factors.

Economic Growth 

In 2017 with the election of Nana Akufo-Addo, the future of the country looked promising. Inflation rates dropped from 15.4 percent to 7.9 in just under three years mainly due to a booming oil export sector.

Economic Struggles

Although the oil sector seemingly promised long-term success, neglect for other areas such as agriculture inevitably led to economic downturn. As the country grew in GDP, the agricultural sector, which accounts for over 90 percent of Ghana’s food consumption, stayed stagnant. What resulted was a scarcity in certain goods that skyrocketed the aggregate price level of the country. Ghana went from a steady, single digit inflation rate before 2020 to now having an over 50 percent inflation rate. To further add to the dilemma, Ghana had recently enacted multiple public wellbeing projects such as free school lunches and eradicating many sales and property taxes, essentially making the government quite poor. Furthemrore, the government of Ghana is responsible for paying over half of its income to government workers. 

Hope for the Future

The Ghanaian government is hopeful for the future. The general consensus among economists is that the government needs to be downsized, increase revenue, and find a solution to corruption.

Bola Tinubu

The nation of Nigeria in West Africa has had a long history of corruption rampage elections and transfers of power from one government to the other since they are in a parliamentary system with the most recent election being no exception. The election, which was held back in February and took several weeks for the ballots to be counted, which the opposition and many others say that this left plenty of time for corruption and tampering with ballots to happen. The winner was Bola Tinubu from the All Progressive congress who won with about 37% of the vote being officially sworn in on May 29. Allegations and instigations occurred all summer until the opposition party (People’s Democratic Party) officially asked the Supreme Court of Nigeria to impeach the president.

Nigerian Supreme Court

Their claim for the appeal was that the election was ‘erred in law’ and corrupt. They also went after Tinubu and stated that he was ineligible to even run due to his supposed dual citizenship and a criminal inditement within the United States. The appeal was ultimately shot down stating firmly that Tinubu will be the president of the nation for the next four years. This was only the second time in the nation’s history that they had a peaceful transition of power (although still lackluster and possibly semi corrupt) and will stand as more proof to the world that Nigeria is continually moving towards democracy.

Sources:

Full List of Chief Justices of Nigeria’s Supreme Court

https://apnews.com/article/atiku-court-election-tinubu-appeal-nigeria-b0b279c1cb07ce7124dee26e84022e83

https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-64760226

https://www.npr.org/2023/02/28/1160062514/nigeria-election-opposition-parties-call-sham

Macau Checkpoint, China

 The Troubles of Chinese Traffic:

As everyone knows, China is one of the most populated countries in the entire world, which leaves infrastructure heavily pressed to get millions of people through the system. As we dig deeper though, a large population is not the only reason that Chinese roadways are heavily bogged down with traffic. 

Chinese cities were simply not built for cars:

With China being such an ancient civilization, some of the cities built are thousands of years old and were not built with modern cars in mind. The roads were built for smaller and lighter ancient modes of transportation in mind and not our modern and heavier cars. This is why, with the growth of automobiles, Chinese cities have relatively inefficient road layouts and traffic flow. 

Chinese Driver’s Education is sub par:

The teaching process for Chinese drivers when first learning is drastically different than that of the United States or other European countries of the likes. Many classes are taught on closed courses for the learner, so lots of drivers are legally allowed to drive on the roads, but have never seen traffic.  

Overcrowded Highways

Although many highways were designed with mass amounts of traffic in mind, horrific traffic jams have still pervaded chinese roadways for decades. For example, in 2010, one jam spanned over 100 kilometers and lasted more than ten days. In response, the Chinese government instituted a system where only citizens with even or odd numbered license plates could drive on a given day.

About the Authors:

Richard: I am from Portland, Oregon and have had a passion and interest in travel. I have been able to travel to multiple countries around the world with my family and will likely continue to do so as I get older. I find differences in culture, social mindsets, and terrain to be worth engaging in, hence why I joined the Global ARC.

Tim: Most of my family has at least some interest in learning foreign languages, with myself being no exception. No foreign language classes were offered throughout elementary and middle school, which meant I came into high school with increased curiosity and motivation. It is because of this interest in both languages and foreign affairs that I joined the Global Engagement ARC.

Sources:

https://www.thoughtco.com/chinas-traffic-troubles-687418#:~:text=There%20are%20a%20number%20of,more%20than%2020%20million%20people). 

https://factsanddetails.com/china/cat13/sub86/entry-8368.html

https://www.arabiaweather.com/en/content/the-longest-traffic-jam-in-history-occurred-in-china-and-lasted-12-days#:~:text=The%20longest%20traffic%20crisis%20in,undisputed%20queen%20of%20traffic%20jams.%E2%80%9D