Post Script II

So much has happened in the 8 years since I taught at Sun Yat-Sen University.  My best link to China is the students from China each year in my program — with great pleasure  I watch their progress as they mature as professionals in their field and interact with their colleagues from across the US and other countries.  They are talented, confident, and friendly — and I miss them when they leave the University of Oregon.

At home at University of Oregon, I’m now director of the Master of Nonprofit Management program (and Associate Head for School of Planning, Public Policy & Management).  This program is loaded with practical coursework and applied projects benefiting regional nonprofits. We (faculty) keep the cohorts deliberately small so we can lavish attention on students, and they have done beautifully on the job market.

I’m also president-elect of the Nonprofit Academic Centers Council, an academic organization that helps to gather leading international programs in nonprofit and philanthropic enterprise to build our field.

Here’s a photo of a few of the MNM students:

 

 

Closing Out the Blog

Hello all!

I stopped blogging in October because I got too busy with my teaching/research/sightseeing and running.  It took several hours to post just one post, mainly because I like to include pictures with my post and the internet was extremely slow for loading pictures.

So…thank you for reading.

Here are some highlights that I can’t resist reporting:

#1 Favorite Conversation in Chinese, with a Cabdriver:

Cabdriver & I chatted easily about kids, work, how long have you been in China, oh, your Chinese is pretty good, etc. etc….in other words, the easy stuff that I could actually follow and provide answers that made sense.  He asked “So how old are you…50?”

“No,” I said, “I’m 47.”

Cabdriver:  “hmmm” (he’s embarrassed — overestimating a woman’s age is a faux pas in any country!)  Long pause.  Then… “You’re too thin!  Too thin!”  (I hesitated, but finally understood the word “shou” to mean “thin.”

I protested “Well, I run a lot…”

Cabdriver continues…”You need to eat more!”  “What’s the matter? Don’t you like Chinese food?”

This just cracked me up.  I was fairly slender at that point, and steadily put on a few more lbs as the weeks went on and I discovered more amazingly delicious and fattening food.

#1 favorite food in China:

Dumplings (jiaozi) at Professor Kong’s house.  Nothing better.  I ate so much it was painful!

#2 favorite food in China:

Fried flatbread (probably a Western China treat), with a delicate onion/salt flavor.  Really good.

#1 Stupid Foreigner Mistake

I bought a small packet of salt (didn’t need much, as I was there for only 5 months) from the store.  Started feeling sick (woozy, with a sore throat that came & went intermittently) in October.  So I ate more soups and oatmeal…felt worse.  Finally, after trying to pin down the source of the wooziness and sore throats, I got out my Chinese dictionary and looked up the characters on the salt package.  “Double Strength Flavor Enhancer,” it said.  That’s MSG!  I was adding MSG to everything — water to boil noodles, soups, and my morning oatmeal.

After tossing the MSG in the garbage, I immediately felt better and the sore throats disappeared.  (rolleyes)

#1 Favorite Activity in Guangzhou:  Finding new “districts.”  Different areas of the city specialize in very specific retail niches, like the LED display district, the trophy and laminated sign district, the bridal gown district, and so forth.  I found this fascinating!  So many little shops all devoted to the same thing…it’s a hoot for shoppers.

#1 Favorite “Holiday” — hands down, this has to be November 11th…Lonely Boys day.  Well, this also could apply to women, and we could call it Lonely Hearts day.  Why is it Lonely Boys day, I asked my students?  They said “because of all the ones in the date, and one is a lonely number.”

When I mentioned this online in a primarily US-based forum, a friend commented, “Ya gotta love a superpower with a Lonely Boys day.”   Isn’t that what international exchange is all about?  Exposing the human side of countries…showing the sincere and lovely little details of a culture to someone from another country.

#1 Coldest Month in Guangzhou:  November, followed closely by December and January.

How cold was it?  Down to about 45 degrees F, which is unusual for GZ in November, but not unusual for Dec and Jan.  Meh, no big deal, you might think…but there is no central heat in GZ (just as there is very little air conditioning in Oregon!).  We just bundled up.  Until I got my gutless space heater and awesome electric water bottle-thing, I was really, really cold for days on end until the weather temporarily warmed up.  People drank hot drinks at the office to keep warm.

#1 Nicest Students

My students, pictured here on the day they turned in their final exams:

Final Day NGO Class 4

Nike Humanrace 10K Guangzhou — a race report

(s)Whoosh!  This was a race without glitches — a super-smooth, well-organized gathering of 15,000…

Although I was still somewhat dead-legged from a very long run on Tuesday, otherwise I felt fine and ready to go.  I left the apartment at 5:45 am (my normal time to run) and felt…spooked.  Campus was reallly dark.  Somehow, it’s OK to run in the dark on my customary route where there are other joggers and the street sweepers, but it was sp-p-pooky to walk to the subway.

Once I entered the subway, I saw others wearing the humanrace red t-shirts (with yellow writing — appropos for China’s 60th birthday).  I gave a thumbs up as I stepped around 2 young men sitting on the subway stairs.  They  came around a corner a moment later and asked me to take a picture — no, I misunderstood — they wanted me to be in THEIR picture.  After that, I gave them my camera and said I didn’t know how to do the timed picture deal…and they figured it out instantly.   Turns out they’re 16.  Of course!  All 16-year olds can figure out the timer on a camera in a second.  I made them happy by saying “impossible!” when they said they were 16; both were quite tall.  Here’s the subway pre-race photo then, with the friendly 16-year-olds:

Humanrace 16-YOs

When we got off the subway at University Island (this is an island in the SE corner of Guangzhou where 10 universities are located), there were helpful signs and volunteers everywhere pointing the way to the race.  Besides, I just followed the crowd…with a race of 15,000, it’s a fairly dependable tactic.

I lined up too early, but that was to avoid having to rudely push my way to a good starting position later on.  Loudspeakers warned us many times that we must be fit enough to take part in the race, and the course shuts down after 2 hours.  The rest I didn’t understand.  The crowd laughed a few times and I wished my Chinese language skills were better. 

I was not too far from the start line — perhaps a minute — but it didn’t matter because Nike had us chip-timed.  Alles Gut!  The first mile involved a lot of shuffling to get around people; 8:50.  My legs just felt yucky, partly due to the long run and probably partly due to no warm-up.  I can’t see warming up when it’s 75 degrees; plus, I was stuck in the start line and couldn’t really get away to warm up anyway.  Here’s the start (looking backward):

humanrace start

The second mile was 8:29…I didn’t look at the watch; just ran. 

There were lots of aid stations with cheerful student/volunteers yelling “Jia You!” (sounds like jyah – yo)  This means “go!” but literally means….”Add Oil.” 

humanrace water

The third mile was 8:23.  I drank a bit and at one point (at the top of a mild hill) turned around and pointed the camera at the crowd behind me (look carefully to see the long line wayyyy off).  A couple of guys also turned around at the top of the hill to look at the crowd, and I heard them say “Woah!” 

I like that expression of surprise…”Woah!”

humanrace about halfway

Somewhat before the halfway point, a young man began running beside me, encouraging me with “come on!” and “let’s go!”  Now, those of you know me as a runner know that I Always Race Alone.  But hey, he was trying to be nice and well, when in Rome… So I just ran along with my pal.  I asked him how old he was and he said 20.  Must be a university student.  Every time I lagged a bit, he motioned for me to catch up and gave me another “come on!” cheer…  Mile 4 was 7:56, and Mile 5 was 7:43…but I was beginning to suffer quite a bit, so in mile 6 I told him to go on.  I regret not seeing him at the finish line area, because I really owe him a hearty thank you for his good-natured help.  Mile 6 was 7:42.  We had passed a LOT of people!  (The 2nd 5K would have been 24:19)

The last, painful .41 miles was just so sad, but actually, my pace was fine.  First, .2 at an 8:22 pace and another .21 at 7:53 pace….my garmin measured the course a little long, hence the extra .21.    A lot of young pups sprinted past me in the last .41 miles…but I did managed to catch one more female runner close to the finish line.  There were very few females in that time zone (see the prior picture — all guys), so I’m hoping I placed well in my age group.  52:24 — not bad!

The finish was as well-organized as the rest of the race — here’s the clothing drop, for example:

humanrace cl drop

I ran into a friend from the hasher group — and I did one of those “hey, I know you — where do I know you from?” things.  Duh, Renee.  Here he is (I forgot both his real name and his hasher name!) in our post-race photo:

humanrace hasher pal

Thus endeth one of my New Years 2009 goals; to run a race overseas.

Movie Review: The Founding of a Republic

This movie commemorates and documents the political struggles leading up to the founding of the People’s Republic of China…just in time for the 60th Anniversary National Day.

Here’s the deal:  The movie incorporated cameos of 30 or so famous Chinese movie stars (from here and overseas).  I heard there were some complaints from mainland Chinese that they used some non-mainland actors in the movie, but the actors were all superb.   I didn’t recognize Jackie Chan!

founding_of_a_republic

The auditorium (on campus) was packed.  Here’s a review (in English) of the movie from China’s government-owned TV, CCTV:

http://www.china.org.cn/video/2009-09/14/content_18585357.htm#

And here’s a review from TIME:

http://www.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1928956,00.html

So….the lights dimmed….there were no trailers!….nor any announcements regarding cell phones, from what I could tell… and the scenes began to unfold.  A person with no knowledge of China’s 20th century history may be a little bored with the political discussions/faction building/etc. etc. that make up a fair portion of the film, but — well, you can’t just gloss over the political intricacies with this topic.

Each time a new character appeared on the screen, the entire auditorium exploded into a buzz of discussion — “that’s so-and-so from such-and-such movie!”  This was a delightful part of the movie experience for me.  Truly, the cameos were outstanding.  One cameo featured a man yelling to signal his troops for a massive shout of readiness as Mao surveyed them.  After viewing the National Day parade just a week prior (October 1st) and seeing the troups shouting powerfully in unison…it’s a pretty compelling moment. 

Another cameo featured Mao’s cook — a vignette so charming, you just knew Cookie would take one for the team.

The portrayal of Zhou Enlai was lovingly filmed.  This nation adores his memory.  In one scene, for example, he goodnaturedly assures Mao that capitalists can serve a useful purpose — sometimes you need to have a store open so you can buy a pack of smokes.  I’d see the movie again just to watch the Zhou Enlai scenes.

If I were to redo history, I think I’d work on Mao’s hairstyle.  The cinematographers, however,  stuck to the photographic history with regard to Mao’s coiffure, unlike some of the women in small supporting roles, who looked a little too modern.

The one drawback to the evening?  The guy next to me.  His cell phone went off 3 times…and he answered it each time!  Tsk tsk.

Parks in Guangzhou

I’ll take some more time to explore the parks, but after 6 weeks here, that makes me a Big Expert Authority, yes? The parks here are…different.  They’re paved, for one thing.  They have little paths going here and there; always paved.  And stay off the grass!

They remind me more of amusement parks, because they have abundant restrooms (bring your own TP), snack shops, the occasional gift shop, and often they have music broadcast over speakers.

This picture is solely to break up the monotony of the text (actually, this is the — quote! — “intelligent and beautiful waterfall” from Yuexiu Park):

10_7 Yuexiu waterfall

Some parks (like Baiyun Mountain) have admission fees, but it’s inexpensive — Baiyun was only 5 yuan (75 cents) to enter.  Baiyun, by the way, is amazing, and would be simply astounding for its vistas if the air were cleaner.  There’s a cable car that you can take to the top…looks like fun. 

Some of the view of the city below from Zhenhai Tower at Yuexiu Park (note — you can tour the tower AND the excellent museum at Yuexiu Park for just 10 yuan ($1.50)…and you don’t have to tour both on the same day):

zhenhai tower view

Then there are little parks, too…dotting the city and filled with retirees exercising and socializing in the morning.  These little parks often have playgrounds with equipment that people of all ages like to use for range-of-motion exercises.  That’s right — playgrounds for adults!  Why pay money to go to a boring gym when you can play on a jungle gym outside for free?

And, just like the Pearl River scene I described several posts ago, there are dance groups in the parks.  My latest find at Baiyun Shan are groups of women who balance a ball on a type of (Korean?) racquet, twirling it around while they dance in unison to the music.  It looks like fun and makes  me feel kind of boring, just…running…

Some parks have helpful signage.  I like the proud sense of ownership conveyed by the Guangzhou Municipal Landscaping Department:

Nice Garden Path

Scenic Spot

Running in Guangzhou…week 6 impressions

By now, I’ve settled into a routine of sorts.   The weather has also cooled down, so it’s not such a shock to leave the apartment in the morning.  It’s in the 70’s (25 or so C?).  In the afternoon it’s still up into the 90’s.  My runs are along the Pearl River Promenade unless otherwise noted.  Here’s the promenade.  It’s deserted because this is a mid day photo taken on Ersha Island (note the new TV tower under construction).  In the morning, there are more people out and about:

10_5 Promenade TV tower

Monday: easy run of about 6 miles

Tues: Very long run…this is where my marathon training focuses.  Last week was a 14 miler; this week 15.

Wed: rest, teach class in a.m.

Thu: easy 8

Fri: 4 miles at the track (usually just 4×400…lazy me).  My 440-yard/400m intervals are about 1:45 each (on the cinders track), so I’m doing OK on the leg speed (I say hopefully).

Sat: 5 or 6 mile hasher run/hike, usually hilly and on trails outside of the city (and at 3pm in the afternoon).

Sun: easy run of 2 to 6 miles.

My last 14-miler was my slowest long run ever (10:43/mile pace), but my shorter runs are finally speeding up to “normal” easy run pace, which is a bit under 10 minutes/mile.  I’m reluctant, as always, to do any true tempo running, but at least I’m speeding up, adding a few uptempo miles at the end of easy runs, and so forth.  What I need are some local races, but — alas! — there are none.  Nike’s Human Race 10K is coming up (in Guangzhou!) in a couple of weeks and I’m hoping to participate if I can register online; their system is very glitchy.

Also coming up:  A run around “University Island.”  I looked at my map and the island (where Zhongshan University’s East campus is located — along with nine other universities) seems to be about 9 miles (16 km) long…and asked my students if they thought I could run around it.  I am most concerned about getting lost or not being able to run around it due to construction sites.  They said sure, but some students are worried that it would take 3 or 4 hours (!).  Um, I don’t think so… Still, it’s helpful to get guidance for a run in a completely new location.  I am only vaguely familiar with ZhongDa’s portion of the island.  I hope to start, perhaps, a trend of students competing to run around their island, or just enjoy a long run there.  I hear that students often run the inner ring (about 5K) in the evenings.  The island has little traffic, yet little shade, too.

More views from the promenade — this triangular building seen from the South side of the river is the Xinghai Concert Hall  (on Ersha Island):

10_5 xinghua across

And another thing nice about running in China is seeing ueber-heroic statues such as this one (located next to the Xinghai Concert Hall in the above photo):

10_5 xinghua statue

Onward!

National Day! October 1st, 2009

I am stupidly lucky to be here in China this fall — and I was here with my study abroad pals watching the big National Day 35th anniversary parade in 1984 (yes!  We actually got to attend the parade!)…which was noted to be one of the three most significant National Days in the history of the PRC.  China does not put on a military parade every year — they wait for increments of 5 years or other significant milestones.

So this year, the 60th anniversary of the founding of the People’s Republic of China, they put on a HUGE wingding.  It was meant to be like the opening ceremonies of the Beijing Olympics, but on a much, much larger scale since it was held in the wide open Tiananmen Square, not inside the Bird’s Nest stadium.  And no, I didn’t attend the parade this year, since I’m in Guangzhou, not Beijing, but just being in the country for this historic anniversary was extraordinary.

But enough chatter….first, the decorations started going up…hedges were trimmed…fences painted:

NatlDaydec1

Banners everywhere!  I actually read one  (Long Live the People’s Republic of China!…”Long live” is a general translation of “wan sui” or “ten thousand years”…how’s THAT for a sense of history and dynasty?), but the rest I can guess from the “60” in the middle, such as this one (well, actually, this one is easy, too):

10_5 GD Museum of Art

Note that many banners look like this — red banner, yellow block script — so a restaurant may have a similar banner saying something like “20% off breakfast buffet — now through October 15th!”   Walking on campus after my group lunch on Wednesday, I asked the students what one banner said (since I didn’t recognize any of the usual celebratory characters)…and they said it was a “don’t take drugs” banner.   hmm.

Back to National Day.  The ENTIRE city (and thus, I assume, the entire country) was spotless and decorated for the big day.   Lucky me — I got invited to a huge banquet hosted by the Guangdong Province Government (12 or so Zhongshan University foreign professors were invited and told very pointedly to dress up and be on time). 

Here’s the big banquet hall….All the government officials were there, plus esteemed guests like Long March survivors, model workers, and so forth.  The event was filmed by 6 or 7 TV crews:

NatlDaybanquet1

Another shot:  I don’t know how many hundreds of people were in attendance, but another 100 or so were serving as waiters, too.  It was amazing.

NatlDaybanquet2

The speeches — “Workers, Comrades, Friends!” — were translated into English, which was helpful…

NatlDaybanquet3

What’s a banquet without roasted pig with glowing red eyes?

NatlDaybanquetpig 

On the eve of National Day, people were walking the streets selling Chinese flags to wave, so I bought one, too.  On National Day itself, I went for a run along the Pearl River promenade, enjoying the somewhat cooler temperatures that morning.  Then I watched the morning parade (in Beijing) on TV…I watched the station that had an English language translation, so I was able to know the names of the parade formations, such as “Progress through Education”, “Our Beautiful Environment” and so forth.  It was indeed an impressive parade, with just one confusing glitch in the middle (it was broadcast live).

Then I set out to see more of Guangzhou on foot.  Everyone else in Guangzhou had the same idea.  Beijing Lu (a pedestrian shopping street) was packed, just packed with shoppers and revelers.   I wasn’t the only one snapping photographs — the Chinese as well were just as enamored with the festive decorations.  Here is Beijing Lu:

NatlDayBeijingLu

And here is a flower display in front of a municipal building:

NatlDaypicture

The sense of pride and importance of the occasion makes me think that this is what it might have felt to experience July 4th in 1836 in the U.S. (the 60th anniversary of independence), when the sense of pride in the new republic was fresh.

Remember the hedge trimming?  Not one blade of grass was out of place at the park in front of Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hall:

NatlDay Sun Yat-Sen M Hall

And why not get married on this historic day?  This is the decorated car that will drive the bride and groom away from their wedding banquet at a restaurant:

NatlDaymarried

Later in the evening, after having wandered the city through throngs of happy shoppers, I returned to the apartment to watch the Beijing evening show, which included the “better than the Olympics” very carefully choreographed celebration at Tiananmen Square and some really impressive fireworks.  By then, though, I was tired and on overload, plus the sound was out of sync with the TV picture, so watching it was a little frustrating, even though the choreography was amazing. 

I heard a rumor that Beijing was discouraging cities from holding their own fireworks display (so that people might all watch the impressive Beijing show), but sure enough, I heard Guangzhou’s own fireworks going off in the distance (from Shamian Island) that night.  It was, in the end, so much to take in that I doubt if foreign news coverage even mentioned the Beijing nighttime show at all, after such an extravagant parade that same morning. 

I’m lucky indeed to have been here on this day.

A Faculty Meeting in China

Warning:  Only faculty members are likely to find this post remotely interesting.

So, it’s the beginning of the new school year.  Time for a meeting of the faculty of the School of Government (which includes the Political Science and Public Administration departments).  

To commence the meeting, the School of Government’s Communist Party chief gives a short welcome speech.  He appears to be at the same level of authority as the School’s Dean, the amazing and ridiculously hard-working Ma Jun (Dean Ma).  

In my experience, ALL deans are amazing and hard working.  No surprise there….but I don’t understand yet the authority boundaries of the School’s CCP chief.  And that’s where the dissimilarities end.  (Note:  I didn’t understand much of the Chinese, but Jane was sitting next to me and whispering the Cliff Notes version.)

First, Dean Ma welcomed the new faculty and we stood up for perfunctory applause.  Then he encouraged everyone to work hard this new year.  Topics included:

* The move to the new campus and space concerns…”we are working on getting your new offices on the East campus ready for you…very sorry for the delay.”

* Encouragement for the faculty to do more collaborative research projects.  Go overseas.  Invite scholars here to Zhongshan Univ for more research projects, not just lecturing. 

* Qinghua University (a noted competitor) has established a center for case studies.  Here at Zhongshan University, we are about to launch a new archives for government documents at our library…

* We are publishing a newsletter to inform people about the School of Government faculty accomplishments, but we need your help, faculty — please tell us about your accomplishments so we can put it in the newsletter.

* We are also updating the brochure this year, and the website is in the process of being updated.

Then a talk by the Graduate Program director:

**We have X full time Masters students, Y part time Masters students and Z doctoral students.  The large number of students in their final year means that a huge number of students need thesis advising.  Please note that students need to graduate, and your service on thesis committees is important.

**We need to work harder on our graduate recruitment.

**And now for the budget update…

Etc.  I had to suppress a smile when they started talking about “faculty, tell us about your accomplishments so we can fill out the newsletter”, but when it came to the brochure and website update….well, I could be 6000 miles away attending the same meeting in the U.S.  

 

 

Meeting My Students; September 16 and 23

My first day of class at Zhongshan University was, thankfully, almost two weeks after my arrival in Guangzhou, so I had ample time to prepare for the first few lectures.  Unfortunately, I needed every day to prepare, as I had scrapped my old U.S.-centric syllabus in favor of an internationally focused collection of readings and activities.

My class is “Introduction to NGO Administration” for first-year Masters of Public Administration students.  I teach it in English in one 3-hour block.  It takes about one hour to get to the new East campus on the shuttle bus, so teaching the course takes most of my Wednesdays.  Note that Fulbright lecturers commonly teach two courses each semester, but instead of a second course, I will be available for periodic lectures to undergraduate students.

I entered the classroom and 54 students were there waiting quietly.  First, murmurs and groans could be heard when student assistant Linlin announced to the class that I don’t use Powerpoint.  Then, they burst into applause when I greeted them in Chinese, and burst into applause yet again when I continued to talk in Chinese.  Then (joking), I asked them if they preferred their lecture in Chinese or English.  They preferred English…of course, there’s no way I’d be able to deliver a three hour lecture in Chinese.

9_23 Class LHS

With an ESL teaching background (1987-88), I fell back into that mode and used the chalkboard a lot, as well as a paraphrasing style (stating things in two different ways so that students follow verbally)…and then opened it up for introductions.  And they just took the baton and ran with it….Some of the students went on and on in English.  With 54 students, this took over an hour. 

Yet — it was valuable information for me.  From this, I knew to speed up the lecture pace, and also that most of my students (with the exception of some advanced doctoral students) had virtually no experience in the nonprofit /NGO sector.  The following photo is as close as you can get to an action shot in teaching — see how nice the classroom is?

9_23 Class teaching2

Many students sit in on the first day of class (without registering) just to check it out, so I expected some “melt.”  Sure enough, for week 2, attendance was down to 44 students.   (It helps to assign a lot of boring reading material early on, too.)  Out of those 44 students, a couple are “outside” unregistered students; either from another major or another university or just from the community!  As time goes on, I’ll find out more about these “sit-in” students.

Why I don’t use Powerpoint: 

* Students memorize the slides and regurgitate the contents word for word on exams.  Ugh!

* Writing on the chalkboard slows me down.   I go way too fast with Powerpoint presentations.

* The process of writing lecture notes in class helps students retain the material better.

* Clicking through Powerpoint slides tethers me to the laptop.  I would rather pace back and forth the length of the room, writing, erasing…it’s more dynamic and involves more arm waving…thereby helping keep students awake for the full 3 hours.

* Turning toward the chalkboard allows students to yawn without me seeing them.  Unfortunately, I can hear them yawning…

Yes, there’s the huge drawback of missing the visual material that Powerpoint can provide.  It is best to mix the two formats.

After class this week (week 2 of 18) I took 5 students (all young women) out to lunch.  Originally, I had intended to take 3 students out to lunch each week (they pick the restaurant, and help me learn about various styles of Chinese food), but the sign-up sheet was so popular on week 1 that I allowed more students to sign up.  The five students took me to a Hunan restaurant near campus.  Hunan province is Mao Zedong’s birthplace and the cuisine features spicy food — hooray!  My favorite dish was the spicy duck, but everything was marvelous (even the eggplant, which I generally avoid).  The total bill for the 6 of us was 162 yuan….about $24 total.

We talked about the food, of course (3 of the 5 are from  Hunan Province), my college history (they wanted to know about boyfriends during college and how I met my husband), and they asked if I knew the movie star “Brad Pitt.”   Having just seen his hilarious role in “Burn After Reading”, I nodded enthusiastically, and we all agreed that Angelina Jolie is impossibly beautiful.

[Don’t be misled by the movie star discussion.  These students are very bright; the very best in their field in a country of 1.3 billion.]