Essentially, the church’s teaching on the Eucharist promotes transubstantiation, which means that the bread and wine in the sacrament of Holy Communion miraculously turns into the real flesh and blood of Christ. Thus, Christ is literally present in the Eucharist. Earlier in Madigan’s discussion of Wyclif, he notes that, “some of [his] positions logically flowed… Continue reading →
University scholastic employed rational thinking to analyze and resolve conflicting authorities from the decrees of councils and popes. Teachers operated their classes using a ‘reading-question-disputation’ format. They were operating under the presumption that logic was the necessary tool to master university curriculum, and that that, “the conflicts among the authorities were resolvable, by and large,… Continue reading →
By and large, the Christian attitude toward the Jews was contemptuous. Justinian’s Novella 146 effectively attempts to ostracize the Jews from medieval social life by insulting their character and rendering them as arrogant outcasts. Their rejection of Jesus as the Messiah prompts him to refer to them as impious, foolish, and ignorant. Furthermore, he states… Continue reading →
