History of Societies

Voluntary Societies and Mobilization of a Russian Imperial Public: An Aggregation of Most Active Organizations, 1855-1866

This table presents more than 248 of the most important voluntary societies that flourished in the most intense years of “great reforms” and “revolutionary situations” in the middle of the 19th century. The number of actual active groups was several times larger than 248. But here a selection has been made from the full inventory of voluntary social action, based on duration, intensity and breadth of “networking” [what contemporaries called obshchenie (ID)]. Special importance is placed on those voluntary societies with heavy participation of the major public figures of the era [ID]

Explanations and Brief Analyses of MAIN TABLE

COLUMN 1 = Name of voluntary society, presented in alphabetical order according to two nomenclatures

(1) Specific Russian names of associations and organizations, displayed with key word in first place. EG=

biblioteka = Library
khudozhestv = Art
knizhnyi = Book [Store]
Komitet gramotnosti = Literarcy Committee
Litfond = Litfond | Literary Fund
shakhmatnoi = Chess Club
Velikoruss = Great Russian [a secret political committee]
vrache = Medical
Yuridich = Juridical [a single society devoted to the newly emerging legal profession]
Zemlia i volia = Land and Liberty [underground revolutionary society]

Some generic categories are identified (but not alphabetized) by second or subsequent words in the full names of individual groups and are therefore best searched via the FIND function [ID]. EG=

F/liubitelei/ [Amateurs]
F/Vol’no/ [Free (IE=licensed)]

(2) Several generic categories of groups are arranged under key terms rather than under specific group names. Specific names in these cases would alphabetize all over the lot. EG=

bank
communal association
Demonstrations
journal staff
kruzhok [small informal circle]
Masonic Lodges
mutual association
prizrenie [charity]
Public assemblies
rasprostranenie [promotional, especially promotion of educational institutions]
strakhovanie [insurance]
theatre
“tn.b” [steamship company]
“tn.r” [railroad company]
“tpg” [printing establishment], and
trade
trezvosti [temperance brotherhoods]
Voskresnye shkoly [Sunday schools].
zavod [factory].

The list of banks, printing establishments, zavody, insurance, railroad and steamship companies above, reminds us that the table includes a number of what might ordinarily be thought of as “institutions”, both political/administrative and business/economic institutions rather than “voluntary societies”. They are entered here because they represent a characteristic trend in these years. Many critical institutions shifted from ASSIGNMENT and toward VOLUNTARY activities [ID].

EG= OPT or Mskz.

A similar shift took place in several professions that were breaking away from ASSIGNMENT toward VOLUNTARY or independent self-management.

EG= khudozhestv or Komitet gramotnosti or theatre or Voskresnye shkoly or vrache or Yuridich.

The process bore some relationship to what more recently has been called “privatization”, except that these mid-19th-century developments were accompanied by vigorous public participation, input and, if you will, checks and balances. The emerging public frequently insisted on glasnost’ [openness, “transparency”].

Four significant clusters of institutions that experienced a shift like this and should be thought a part of this mix are not listed in the table below = village assemblies [mirskie skhody], gentry assemblies [dvorianskie sobraniia], city councils [singular gorodskaia duma], and the first surprising governmental novelty of the era, the peace arbitrators [mirovye posredniki]. The second surprising governmental novelty was the creation of institutions of provincial self-administration [Zemstvo] which is also not entered in the table below because it did not have serious impact on Russian political culture until more than a decade after creation.

To comb the TABLE for coded items, use FIND. EG= F/c22/ or F/+e/

COLUMN 2 = Date of foundation or flux (n=248)
Prior to 1800 —— n=07
Prior to 1825 —— n=09
Time of Nicholas I – n=28
1856-1858 ———- n=34 (subtotal up to 1858 n=78)
1859 ————— n=33
1860s sometime —– n=07
1860 ————— n=31
1861 ————— n=28
1862 ————— n=20 (1859 through 1862 n=119 or 48%)
1863 ————— n=13
1864 ————— n=04
1865 ————— n=16
1866 ————— n=02
1867 and later —– n=08
Undetermined ——- n=08

COLUMN 3 = Place
KIV=Kiev —————— n=003
KZN=Kazan —————– n=005
MVA=Moscow —————- n=053
ODE=Odessa —————- n=009
PRM=Perm —————— n=003
SAR=Saratov ————— n=004
SPB=Saint Petersburg —— n=117
S/M=Petersburg & Moscow — n=002 (also counted above)
VLG=Volga River drainage — n=004
VsR=Nation-wide ———– n=025
WZA=Warsaw, Poland ——– n=004
XRK=Kharkov ————— n=004
Other provincial centers — n=016
Abroad ——————– n=005
Undetermined ————– n=003

COLUMN 4= Years of existence (1 year minimum, but “0” = one-time event; “~” = episodic)
Total known —————- n=130
One or less —————- n=026
Two ———————— n=014 (ca. 1/3=less than 3 years)
Three to five ————– n=024
Six to nineteen ———— n=017 (ca. 2/3=less than 20 years)
Twenty or more, to thirty — n=014
Thirty or more, to 100 —– n=023
One hundred or more ——– n=012 (four into our own time)

COLUMN 5 = Primary generic codes in column 5. EG= c17 (Mutual societies)

c01 = Kruzhoks & salons ———————— n=16
c02 = Clubs ———————————— n=08
c03 = Sport ———————————— n=04
c08 = Women ———————————— n=03 (+06)
c09 = Nationalistic or religious ————— n=11 (+39 natal)
[00s n=42]
c10 = Economic ——————————— n=15 (+81)
c11 = Banking and financial ——————– n=06
c12 = Manufacturing —————————- n=10
c13 = Steamboat transportation —————– n=08
c14 = Railroad transportation —————— n=04
c15 = Agricultural and related sciences ——– n=12
c17 = Mutual, insurance AND charitable [n=3] — n=22 (+18)
c18 = Communes, artels, masterskie ————- n=06
[10s n=82]
c20 = Professional —————————– n=06 (+18)
c21 = Scholarly/creative, “auteurs” ———— n=16
c22 = Media: presses ————————— n=13
c23 = Journal staffs ————————— n=16 (+06)
c24 = Book trade ——————————- n=16
c25 = Libraries, reading rooms —————– n=04
c26 = Pedagogical (w/ schools & universities) — n=11
[“Print-Media Spectrum” (##21-26) n=76]
c27 = The arts & other cultural presentation — n=13
c28 = Medical ———————————- n=10 (+03)
c29 = Law ————————————– n=01
[20s n=106]
c90 = Political ——————————– n=06 (+07)
c91 = Addresses or petitions ——————- n=01
c92 = Demonstrative gatherings —————– n=01
c99 = Secret, underground, conspiratorial —— n=10
[90s n=18]

COLUMN 6 = Codes specific to that row. EG=
LTF (Litfond)

COLUMN 7 = Secondary codes (those not added above in bold face). EG=

+a (avocational, vocational or professional) n=18
+e (economic)n=81
+i (institutional) n=39
+j (journalistic) n=06
+m (medical) n=03
+n (NATAL) n=39
+p (political) n=07
+v (mutual, cooperative, joint-stock) n=44
+w (women) n=06
+y (youth, student) n=10

Major Voluntary Societies, 1855-1866 [Translation]	Two [ID]	Three [ID]	Four [ID]	Five [ID]	Code	etc [EG= secondary codes]
Ad, “Organizatsiia” –[Inferno (Ishutin’s) Organization]	1863	MVA	003	c99	IwO	+y
Aerztlicher Verein –[Medical Union]	1855	SPB		c28		+n
akklimatizatsii zhivotnykh i rastenii, Russkoe obshchestvo –[Russian Society for Animal and Plant Acclimatization]	1864	MVA		c15		+a
Angliiskii klub –[English Club]	1770	S/M	147	c02	A.clb
arkheologicheskoe obshchestvo, Imperatorskoe russkoe –[Imperial Russian Archeological Society]	1846	SPB	072	c21	R.rxl
arkheologicheskoe obshchestvo, Moskovskoe Imperatorskoe –[Moscow Imperial Archeological Society]	1864	MVA		c21	M.rxl
arkhitektory, SPB-ie –[Saint Petersburg Architects]	1865	SPB		c20	SPB.rkt	+e
Bank \| kredita, SPBoe obshchestvo vzaimnogo –[SPB Mutual Credit Society]	1863	SPB		c11	SPB.OVK	+v
Bank \| kreditnoe obshchestvo, Moskovskoe gorodskoe –[Moscow Credit Society]	1862	MVA		c11	MVA.kre	+v
Bank \| kreditnoe obshchestvo, SPBoe gorodskoe –[SPB City Credit Society]	1861	SPB		c11	SPB.kre	+v
bank, Moskovskii kupecheskii –[Moscow Merchants Bank]	1865?	MVA		c11	kpq.bnk	+n
bank, Pozemel’nyi –[Land Bank]	1860	TVR		c11	Pzm.bnk	+v
bankovoe i torgovoe obshchestvo v SPBe, Glavnoe –[SPB Central Bank and Trade Society]	1859	SPB		c11	GBT	+v irx
biblioteka, Geidel’bergskaia –[Heidelberg Library]	1862	GRM		c99	Hbbt	+i
biblioteka, Imperatorskaia publichnaia –[Imperial Public Library]	1795	SPB	NOW	c25	Pbbt	+i
biblioteka, Permskaia publichnaia –[Perm Public Library]	1859	PRM	003	c25	PRM.pbl.bbt	+i
biblioteka, Tverskaia publichnaia –[Tver Public Library]	1861	TVR		c25	TVR.pbl.bbt	+i
biblioteka, Vladimirskaia publichnaia –[Vladimir Public Library]	1859	VLA	005	c25	VLA.pbl.bbt	+i
chastnomu sluzhebnomu trudu, Obshchestvo dlia pooshchreniia i pokrovitel’stva –[Society for Promotion and Protection of Private Servants’ and Clerks’ Jobs]	1865	VsR		c10		+n
chestnykh i blagorodnykh liudei, Klub –[Club of Honorable and Noble Persons]	1860	XRK	002c	c02		+n
Communal artel’ Khristoforova –[Khristoforov Commune]	864	SAR	001	c18	cmn.a.X	+v
Communal artel’ plotnikov –[Carpenters Commune]	1859	SPB		c18	cmn.a \|p	+v
Communal artel’ \| Portovaia artel’ –[Dockworkers Commune]	1863	SPB		c18	cmn.a \|P	+v
Communal workshop Vodovozovoi –[Workshop of Elizaveta Vodovozova]	1863	SPB		c18	cmn.Vdv	+v +n +w
Commune Sleptsova “Znamenskaia” –[Vasilii Sleptsov’s “Znamenskaia” Commune]	1863	SPB	002	c01	cmn.Slp	+v
Commune Vedernikova –[Commune of I.V. Vedernikov]	1865?	SPB	001	c18	cmn.Vdr	+v
Demonstrations \| EG= Dobroliubov’s funeral, Arngold’s requiem, Pavlov petition Plus four other noteworthy demonstrations	—	VsR	~	c92	dmn.fnr dmn.pnx Pptn
dobrykh tselei, Obshchestvo –[Good Deeds Society]	1859	ODE		c02
dukhovnogo prosveshcheniia, Obshchestvo liubitelei –[Society of Amateurs of Spiritual Enlightenment]	1863	MVA		c21		+n
ekipazhei, Obshchestvo Moskovskikh obshchestvennykh –[Moscow Public Transport Society]	1859	MVA	001	c10
ekonomicheskoe obshchestvo, Imperatorskoe Kazanskoe –[Imperial Economic Society in Kazan]	1839	KZN	025+	c10	KZN
entomologicheskoe obshchestvo, Russkoe –[Russian Entomological Society]	1859	SPB		c15
Entsiklopedicheskii slovar’, sostavl. russkimi uchenymi i literatorami –[Encyclopedic Dictionary, produced by Rus. Scholars & Writers]	1861	SPB	002	c21	EnS
estestvoispytatelei prirody, Obshchestvo –[Natural Science Society]	1844	RIG	020+	c15		+a
estestvoznaniia pri Moskovskom universitete, Obshchestvo liubitelei –[Society of Natural Science Amateurs at Moscow University]	1863	MVA	050+	c15		+a
Evang.-Bibelgesellschaft –[Evangelical-Bible Society]	1858	MVA		c21		+n
evreiskoe obshchestvo, Odesskoe –[Odessa Jewish Society]	1859~	ODE		c09	Jwx.obx
Filarmonicheskoe obshchestvo v Sankt-peterburge –[Philharmonic Society of Saint Petersburg]	1802	SPB	060+	c27		mzk
geograficheskoe obshchestvo, Imperatorskoe Rossiiskoe –[Imperial Russian Geographic Society]	1845	SPB	NOW	c21	RGO
geograficheskogo obshchestva, Politiko-ekonomicheskii komitet –[Political-Economy Committee of the Imperial Russian Geographic Society]	1859	SPB	003	c90	PEcmmRG	+a +e F/PEcmmV/
gorodskogo molochnogo khoziaistva, Obshchestvo –[City Dairy Society]	1865	VsR SPB		c10
Hromada, Malorossiiskaia –[Little-Russian (Ukrainian) Gromada]	1860s	VsR	040c	c09	M.Hrm
inzhener-tekhnologov i gornykh tekhnikov, Obshchestvo –[Society of Technical Engineers and Mining Technicians]	1861	—		c20		projected
ispytatelei prirody pri Moskovskom universitete, Obshchestvo –[Society of Natural Scientists at Moscow University]	1805	MVA	NOW	c15		+a
issledovaniia Yaroslavskoi gubernii v estestvenno-istoricheskom otnoshenii, Obshchestvo dlia –[Society for Study of Yaroslavl Provincial Natural History]	1864	YAR		c15		+a
istoricheskoe obshchestvo, Russkoe [Russian Historical Society]	1866	SPB		c21	RIO
istorii i drevnostei rossiiskikh, Imperatorskoe Moskovskoe obshchestvo –[Imperial Moscow Society for Russian History & Antiquities]	1804	MVA	125	c21	MVA.I&D
istorii i drevnostei, Imperatorskoe Odesskoe obshchestvo –[Imperial Odessa Society for History and Antiquities]	1839	ODE	030+	c21	ODE.I&D
izdaniia deshevykh knig dlia naroda, Obshchestvo dlia –[Society for Publication of Inexpensive Books for the People]	1862	SPB	004	c24	IDK	+e
izdaniia populiarnykh knig, Redaktsionnaia komiteta dlia –[Editorial Committee for the Publication of Popular Books]	1860	SPB	002	c24	IPK	+e
izdatel’nits, Artel’ –[Women Publishers Artel]	1863	SPB	015c	c24	cmn.a.p	+e +n +w +v
izdatel’skaia [#2], Artel’ \| izdatel’skaia, Artel’ [#1] F/Vek/ –[Publishers Artel (#2)]	1865	SPB	001	c24	AIzd	+e +v
Joint stock companies [for leading examples, F/+v/]	1850s	VsR	010c	c10		+v
Journal staff \| Bibliograficheskie zapiski –[Bibliographic Notes]	1861	MVA	003	c23	BiZ	+e
Journal staff \| Dukh Khristianina –[The Christian Spirit]	1861	SPB	004	c23	DuX	+e +n
Journal staff \| Iskra –[Spark]	1859	SPB	006	c23	Iskra	+e
Journal staff \| Knizhnyi vestnik –[Book Herald]	1860	SPB	007	c23	KnV	+e
Journal staff \| Moskvitianin –[Muscovite]	1841	MVA	015	c23	Moskvit	+e
Journal staff \| Narodnaia beseda –[Talk of the People]	1862	SPB	005	c23	NBe	+e
Journal staff \| Narodnoe chtenie –[Popular Reader]	1859	SPB	003	c23	NaC	+e
Journal staff \| Ocherki \| Gazeta politicheskaia i literaturnaia —[Reports \| Political and Literary Newspaper]	1863	SPB	001	c23	Ocherki	+e
Journal staff \| Russkaia beseda –[Russian Talk]	1856	MVA	004	c23	RBe	+e
Journal staff \| Russkii vestnik –[Russian Herald]	1856	MVA	002	c23	RVe	+e
Journal staff \| Russkoe slovo –[Russian Word]	1859	SPB	007	c23	RSl	+e
Journal staff \| Sel’skoe blagoustroistvo –[Agricultural Management]	1858	MVA	002	c23	SeB	+e
Journal staff \| Sovremennik –[The Contemporary]	1859	SPB	007	c23	Svm	+e
Journal staff \| Svetoch, Vremia, and Epokha –[Torch, Time and Epoch]	1860	SPB	005	c23	Svetoch	+e
Journal staff \| Vek, Artel’nyi zhurnal –[Artel Journal “Century”]	1862	SPB	001	c18	Vk2	+e +j
Journal staff \| Vestnik promyshlennosti –[Industrial Herald]	1858	MVA	003	c23	VeP	+e
Journal staff \| Voennyi sbornik –[Military Anthology]	1858	SPB	002	c23	VoS	+e
Journalist petition regarding. censorship reform in 1861 March	1861	MVA	001	c91	Jptn	+j
Khlopomany –[?? Zealots]	1860s	UKR		c09	Xlop
khudozhestv v Tsarstve Pol’skom, Obshchestvo dlia pooshchreniia –[Society for the Promotion of Art in Tsarist Poland]	1860	WZA		c27		+e +n POL
khudozhestv, Imperatorskoe obshchestvo pooshchreniia –[Imperial Society for the Promotion of Art]	1820	SPB	109	c27	Imp.xdj	+e
khudozhestva, Obshchestvo liubitelei –[Society of Amateurs of the Arts]	1860	SPB		c27		+e
khudozhestvennoe obshchestvo, Moskovskoe –[Moscow Art Society]	1843	MVA	020+	c27		+e
khudozhestvennykh vystavok, Tovarishchestvo peredvizhnykh –[The Itinerants (Peredvizhniki)]	1870	SPB		c27	Peredv	+e
khudozhnikov, Klub –[Artists’ Club]	1858	SPB	001	c27	X.clb	+e
khudozhnikov, Sankt-peterburskaia artel’ –[Saint Petersburg Artists Artel]	1863	SPB		c27		+e +v
khudozhnikov, Sobranie –[Assembly of Artists]	1865	SPB		c27		+e
Kirillo-Mefodievskoe Bratstvo –[Cyril-Methodios Brotherhood]	1846	KIV	001	c09	KMO
knizhno-torgovogo kommisionerstva, Obshchestvo –[Book-trade Commissioners Society]	1858	VsR	004	c24	K=tK	+e RQR \| IiU IiK \| K-tK
Knizhnyi magazin Ballina,N –[Ballin Book Store]	1860	UKR	002	c24	kmg.Bal	+e KOS XRK KUR
Knizhnyi magazin Bazunova,I –[Bazunov Book Store]	1859	MVA		c24	kmg.Baz	+e
Knizhnyi magazin Davydova,A –[Davydov Book Store]	1859	SPB		c24	kmg.Dav	+e
Knizhnyi magazin Kozhanchikova,D –[Kozhanchikov Book Store]	1858	SPB	017	c24	kmg.Kjn	+e VsR
Knizhnyi magazin Nikitina –[Nikitin Book Store]	1858	VOR		c24	kmg.Nik	+e
Knizhnyi magazin Serno-Solov’evicha,N –[Serno-Solov’evich Book Store]	1861	SPB	008	c24	kmg.Srn	+e
Knizhnyi magazin Smirdina –[Smirdin Book Store]	1830s	SPB	005??	c24	kmg.Smi	+e
Knizhnyi magazin Yakovleva,VV –[Yakovlev Book Store]	1862	SPB		c24	kmg.Ykv	+e
Komitet gramotnosti Moskovskogo obshchestva sel’skogo khoziaistva –[Literacy Committee of the Moscow Agricultural Society]	1859	MVA	036	c26	Kgrm.skz	~Kgrm.VEO
Komitet gramotnosti Vol’nogo ekonomicheskogo obshchestva –[Literacy Committee of the Imperial Free Economic Society]	1861	SPB	034	c26	Kgrm.VE	~~Kgrm.skz
konskogo bega, Obshchestvo okhotnikov –[??Horserace Fan Club]	1860s	MVA		c03
konskogo zimskogo bega, Obshchestvo okhotnikov –[Winter Horserace Fan Club in Saint Petersburg]	1860	SPB		c03
konskogo zimskogo bega, Obshchestvo okhotnikov –[Winter Horserace Fan Club in Khar’kov]	1860s	XRK		c03
Konstitutsionnaia partiia –[Constitutional Party]	1865	SPB	001	c90	cst.pty	+i
Kruzhok Bliummer & Aleksandrovskoi –[Antonina Bliummer & Varvara Aleksandorvskaia’s kruzhok]	1861	SPB	001	c01	krj.Bli	+y
Kruzhok Eleny Pavlovny –[Grand Princess Elena Pavlovna’s kruzhok]		SPB		c01	krj.T0a
Kruzhok Kasatkina –[Viktor Kasatkin’s kruzhok]		MVA		c01	krj.Kas
Kruzhok Kavelina –[Konstantin Kavelin’s kruzhok]		SPB	??	c01	krj.Kvn
Kruzhok Kostomarova –[Nikolai Kostomarov’s kruzhok, first in Saratov, then in Petersburg]		SAR	004	c01	krj.Kst
Kruzhok Lavrova –[Petr Lavrov’s kruzhok, with military and civilian sections]	1860s	SPB	010	c01	krj.Lvr
Kruzhok Sierakowski-Dombrowski –[Zygmund Sierakowski and Stefan Dombrowski’s kruzhok]	1861	SPB	002	c01	krj.S-D	+n POL
Kruzhok Soldatenkova –[Koz’ma Soldatenkova’s kruzhok]	1860	MVA	002	c01	krj.Sld
Kruzhok Studencheskii pri Kazanskom universitete –[Kazan University Student Circle]	1860	KZN	001	c01	Plst	+y
Kruzhok Suslovoi –[Nadezhda Suslova’s krukhok]	1861	SPB	001	c01	krj.Ssl
Kruzhok Tiblena –[Leon and Nikolai Tiblen’s kruzhok]	1860s	SPB	005	c01	krj.Tbl
Kruzhok Trubnikovoi –[Mariia Trubnikova’s kruzhok]	1859	SPB	003	c01	krj.Trb	+y
Kruzhok Utina –[Nikolai Utin’s kruzhok]	1861	SPB	001	c01	krj.Utn	+y
Kruzhok Vvedenskogo –[Iriarkh Vvedenskii’s kruzhok]	1842	SPB	013	c01	krj.Vvd
Kupecheskii klub –[Kazan Merchants Club]	1861	KZN		c02	K.clb	+n kpg
Kupecheskii klub, [e.g.=] Vyshnevolotskii –[Vyshnevolotskii Merchants Club]	1865	VsR		c02	K.clb	+n kpg
Lettisch-literärisch.Gesellschaft –[Lithuanian Literary Society in Mitava]	1858	MTV		c09
literaturnoe obshchestvo, Russkoe –[Russian Literary Society]	1896	SPB	005	c21
literaturnyi fond, Sotsialisticheskii –[Socialist Litfond]	1887	SWZ		c21
Litfond \| Literaturnyi fond \|Obshchestvo posobiia nuzhdaiushchimisya literatorami i uchenymi –[Literary Fund \|Litfond \|Society for Aid of Needy Writers and Scholars]	1859	SPB	100+	c21	LTF
Litfond \| Studencheskii otdel –[Litfond Student Section]	1861	SPB	001	c21	LTF.std.sct	+y
liubitelei Rossiiskoi slovesnosti pri Imperatorskom Moskovskom Universitete, Obshchestvo –[Society of Amateurs of Russian Letters at Moscow University]	1858	MVA	072	c21	LRS
Masonstvo; Frank-Masonstvo –[Free masons]	1770s	VsR	100+	c02	msn
Matematicheskoe obshchestvo pri Moskovskom universitete –[Mathematical Society at Moscow University]	1867	VsR		c21	mth.obx	1811:Original
mineralogicheskoe obshchestvo, Imperatorskoe –[Imperial Minerological Society]	1817	SPB	040+	c21		+e
Mutual \| kupecheskoe obshchestvo dlia vzaimnogo vspomozheniia, Russkoe –[Russian Merchants Mutual Aid Society]	1861	VsR		c17	M \|kup	+e +n
Mutual \| meditsinskaia kassa, Vspomogatel’naia –[Medical Pension Fund]	1861	SPB		c28	M \|medi	+e mdx
Mutual \| prikashchikov [prikazchikov], Vspomogatel’nye kassy –[Mutual Aid Fund for Shop Clerks]	1859	VsR		c17	M \|prik	+e prl \| Many
Mutual \| prikashchikov evreev, Obshchestvo vzaimnogo vspomozheniia –[Mutual Aid Society for Jewish Shop Clerks]	1865	ODE	015?	c17	M \|prik	+n prl +e
Mutual \| sluzhby, SPBoe obshchestvo vzaimnogo vspomozheniia lits grazhdanskoi –[Saint-Petersburg Civil Service Mutual Aid Society]	1859	SPB		c17	M \|sluzh	+e qnv
Mutual \| studentov, Obshchestvo dlia vzaimnogo vspomozheniia –[Student Mutual Aid Society]	1865	SPB	001	c17	M \|stud	+a +y Several
Mutual \| tipografov, slovolitchikov, litografov, ksilografov i fotografov v SPBe, Vspomogatel’naia kassa dlia –[St.Petersburg Typographers, Typecasters, Lithographers, Etchers and Photographers Pension Fund]	1840	SPB	050+	c17	M \|tipo	+e +n tpg
Mutual \| udeshevleniia kvartir i zhiznennykh pripasov, Aktsionernoe obshchestvo dlia –[Joint-stock Society for Reduction of Costs for Housing and Daily Necessities]	1860	SPB		c17	M \|udes	+e +v
Mutual \| zhenshchinam v SPB-e, Obshchestvo dlia posobiia bednym –[Society for Aid to Poor Women]	1865	SPB		c08	M \|zhen	+w
Mutual \| zhiteliam, Obshchestvo dostavleniia deshevykh kvartir i drugikh posobii nuzhdaiushchimsia –[Society for Provision of Inexpensive Housing and other Aid for Poor Inhabitants]	1859	SPB	025+	c17	M \|zhit
muzykal’noe obshchestvo, Russkoe –[Russian Musical Society]	1859	SPB	058	c27	mzk.obx
nezavisimosti Sibiri, Obshchestvo –[Siberian Independence Society]	1861	SPB	004	c99	ONS	+n SBR
obshchestvennogo zdraviia, Obshchestvo –[Public Health Society]	1860	SPB		c17		+m
Obshchii stol –Public Cafeteria]	1860	PRM		c10		+v
Odesskii klub [Odessa Club]	1862	ODE		c02	ODE.clb
ofitserov v Pol’she, Komitet Russkikh –[Committee of Russian Officers in Poland]	1861	WZA	002	c99	OvPOL	+n POL
Ognespasitel’noi snariad –[Firefighting Squad]	1859	MVA		c10
Ogół –[Landsmen (Fellow Polish students)]	1850s	S/M	~	c09		+a POL +y
osveshcheniia gazom, SPBoe obshchestvo –[Saint-Petersburg Gaslight Society]	1835	SPB	030+	c10	OOG	OSO also
Pedagogicheskoe obshchestvo –[Pedagogical Society]	1857	SPB	022	c26	pdg.obx
Pikkvikskii klub –[Pickwick Club]	1858	EKS	002	c02	P.clb
pracheshnykh zavedenii, Obshchestvo publichnykh –[Public Laundry Society]	1859	MVA		c10		+v
Pravoslavnoe bratstvo –[Orthodox Christian Brotherhood]	500s	VsR	300+	c09	Orlg.ob	+i +a +n
Prizrenie \| bednykh, Obshchestvo Saratovskogo damskogo popechitel’stva o –[Saratov Womens Society for the Protection of the Poor]	1860	SAR		c17		+n +w
Prizrenie \| rabochego i nuzhdaiushchegosia naseleniia, Obshchestvo dlia uluchsheniia v SPb-e pomeshchenii –[Society for Improvement of Housing for the Working and Needy Population of St.Petersburg]	1857	SPB		c17	prz.prl	+n
Prizrenie \| Serpukhovskoe blagotvoritel’noe obshchestvo –[Serpukhov Charitable Society]	1865	MVA		c17		gbx
psikhiatrov, Obshchestvo [Psychiatrists’ Society]	1861	SPB		c20	psx.obx	+m
Public assemblies = banquets, readings, lectures, literary & other cultural “evenings” [vechery], exhibits	—	VsR	~	c01
rasprostraneniia gramotnosti i pervonachal’nogo obrazovaniia, Obshchestvo dlia –[Society for Promotion of Literacy and Elementary Education]	1860	ENG		c26	rsp.grm	+n nrd [krx prl] +e
rasprostraneniia gramotnosti i real’nykh znanii, Obshchestvo dlia –[Society for Promotion of Literacy and Practical Skills]	1860	PRM		c26	rsp.PRM	+n nrd [krx prl] +e
rasprostraneniia nachal’nogo obrazovaniia v Nizhegorodskoi gubernii, Obshchestvo dlia –[Society for Promotion of Elementary Education in Nizhnii Novgorod Province]	1872	NNG		c26	rsp.NNG	+n nrd [krx prl] +e
rasprostraneniia narodnoi gramotnosti, Obshchestvo dlia –[Society for Promotion of National Literacy]	1859	KIV		c26	rsp.KIV	+n nrd [krx prl] +e
rasprostraneniia nuzhno narodu knig i uchebnykh posobii, Obshchestvo dlia –[Society for National Distribution of Needed Books and School Supplies]	1861	SPB VsR		c24	RNK	+n nrd [krx prl] +e
rasprostraneniia poleznykh knig muzhdu narodom, Obshchestvo dlia –[Society for Distribution of Useful Books Among the People]	1861	MVA VsR	??	c24	RPK	+n nrd [krx prl] +e
rasprostraneniia prosveshcheniia mezhdu evreiami v Rossii, Obshchestvo dlia –[Society for Promotion of Enlightenment among Jews in Russia]	1863	ODE	050+	c09	rsp.Jwx	+n
rasprostraneniia v narod gramotnosti, Kharkovskoe obshchestvo dlia –[Kharkov Society for Promotion of National Literacy]	1869	XRK		c26	rsp.XRK	+n nrd [krx prl]
rasprostraneniia v narod knig dlia chteniia, Obshchestvo dlia –[Society for National Distribution of Readers]	1861	MVA VsR		c24	RKQ	+n nrd [krx prl]
remeslennoe obshchestvo, Mitavskoe –[Mitava Craftsmens Society]	1861	COU		c20		+n prl
Rolnicze, Towarzystwo –[Polish Agricultural Association]	1857	WZA	004	c15		+n POL
Rząd narodowy \|Zhond narodnyi –[National Government]	1862	POL	002	c99	CKN	+n POL +i
sadovodstva, Russkoe obshchestvo liubitelei –[Russian Society of Amateur Horticulturalists]	1860	MVA		c15	MVA.sdv	+a
sadovodstva, SPBoe Imperatorskoe obshchestvo –[St.Petersburg Imperial Horticultural Society]	1858	SPB		c15	SPB.sdv	+a
Sel’skii khoziain –[Agronomist]	1857	SPB		c15	Sskz	+a
sel’skogo khoziaistva iuzhnoi Rossii, Imperatorskoe obshchestvo –[Imperial South Russian Agriculture Society]	1829	ODE	064+	c15	Oskz	+a
sel’skogo khoziaistva, Imperatorskoe Moskovskoe obshchestvo –[Imperial Moscow Agriculture Society]	1820	MVA	098	c15	Mskz	+a
shakhmatnoi igry, Obshchestvo liubitelei –[Amateur Chess Players Society]	1837	SPB	024	c90	WXM
sitsevykh platev, Obshchestvo –[Cotton Dress Society]		?		c08		+w
slavianofilov, Obshchestvo –[Slavophile Society]	1852	MVA	006	c09	SLF.obx	RUS
Slavianskie komitety –[Slavic Committees]	1858	MVA	020	c09	SLV.cmm	SLV
Slavianskoe blagotvoritel’noe obshchestvo –[Slavic Philanthropic Society]	1877	MVA	?	c09	SLV.blag	SLV
Strakhovaia kompaniia “Nadezhda” –[“Hope” Insurance Company]	1847	SPB	020+	c17		+v
Strakhovanie \| kapitalov i dokhodov, Rossiiskoe obshchestvo zastrakhovaniia –[National Society for Insurance of Capital and Income]	1835?	SPB?		c17		+v
Strakhovanie \| smertnykh sluchaev, Obshchestvo dlia –[Life Insurance Company]	1775	SPB		c17		+v
strakhovaniia i transportirovaniia kladei i tovarnykh skladov s vydacheiu ssud, Rossiiskoe obshchestvo morskogo, rechnogo, sukhoputnogo –[National Society for Sea, River, and Overland Insurance and for Shipping of Goods and Commercial Warehousing with Advancement of Loans]	1844	SPB	020+	c17	S&T.Co	+v
strakhovaniia ot ognia, Obshchestvo vzaimnogo –[Mutual Fire Insurance Society]	1858	SPB		c17		+v
strakhovaniia, SPBoe obshchestvo –[Saint Petersburg Insurance Society]	1858	SPB		c17		+v
strakhovoe ot ognia obshchestvo, Moskovskoe –[Moscow Fire Insurance Society]	1858	MVA		c17		+v
Strakhovoe ot ognia tovarishchestvo “Salamandra” –[“Salamander” Fire Insurance Company]	1846	SPB	020+	c17		+v
tekhnicheskoe obshchestvo, Imperatorskoe russkoe –[Imperial Russian Technical Society]	1866	SPB	030+	c20	tkh.obx	+e
tekhnologicheskii institut, Prakticheskii –[Institute of Applied Technology]	1828	SPB	050+	c20	tkh.tUt	+i +e
Theatre \| Artisticheskii kruzhok –[Artistic Circle]	1865	MVA		c27	ttx.krj	+e +i
Theatre \| Artisticheskoe obshchestvo –[Artistic Society]	1862	SPB		c27	ttx.obx	+e +i projected
Theatre \| dramaticheskikh pisatelei, Obshchestvo russkikh –[Russian Playwrights Society]	1845	MVA	020+	c27	ttx.pst	+e +i txt.pst.obx
tn.b [steamship transport] \| Baltic \| Rossiiskaia-Baltiiskaia Kompaniia –[Russian-Baltic Company]	1858	SPB		c13	RBK	+i +v
tn.b \| Del’fin \| Obshchestvo sudokhodstva i parokhodstva –[Ship and Steamboat Society “Dolphin”]	1862	VsR		c13		+i +v
tn.b \| Druzhina \|Parokhodnoe obshchestvo –[Steam Boat Society “Retinue”]	1860	VLG		c13		+i +v
tn.b \| Kamsko-Volzhskoe parokhodnoe obshchestvo “Pol’za” –[Kama-Volga River Steamboat Society “Advantage”]	1854	VLG		c13		+i +v
tn.b \| Russkoe obshchestvo parokhodstva i torgovlia –[Russian Steam Navigation and Trade Co.]	1856	ODE VsR	050+	c13	OPT	+i +v
tn.b \| Volge “Neptun”, Tovarishchestvo parokhodstva po –[Volga Steamboat Association “Neptune”]	1862	VsR		c13		+i +v
tn.b \| Volge “Samolet”, Tovarishchestvo parokhodstva po –[Steamboat Association “Flyer”]	1853	VLG		c13		+i +v
tn.b \| Volge i Kaspiiskomu moriu “Kavkaz i Merkurii”, Obshchestvo parokhodstva po –[Steamboat Society on the Volga and the Caspian Sea “Caucasus and Mercury”]	1843	VsR	068	c13	C&M	+i +v
tn.r [railroad transport] \| Glavnoe obshchestvo Rossiiskikh zheleznykh dorog –[Central National Railroad Society]	1857	SPB	??	c14	GJD	+i +v
tn.r \| Moskovsko-Yaroslavskoi zheleznoi dorogi, Obshchestvo –[Moscow-Yaroslavl Railroad Society]	1860	MVA		c14	MVA-YAR.rrd	+i +v
tn.r \| Saratovskoi zheleznoi dorogi, Obshchestvo –[Saratov Railroad Society]	1859	SPB		c14	SAR.rrd	+i +v
tn.r \| Volzhko-donskoi zheleznoi dorogi i parokhodstva po Donu i Azovskomu moriu, Obshchestvo –[Volga-Don and Azov Sea Railroad and Steamboat Society]	1858	VLG?		c14	V.D.rrd	+i +v
tpg \| Bakst,V no1 –[Bakst Press]	1861	SPB	001	c22	tpg.Bks	+e
tpg \| Bakst,V no2 –[Bakst Press #2]	1862	SWZ	001	c22	tpg.Bks	+p
tpg \| Ballod; aka Karmanaia Tipografiia –[Pocket Press]	1862	SPB	001	c22	tpgB	+e
tpg \| Glazunov –[Glazunov Press]	1782	SPB	140	c22	tpg.Glz	+e
tpg \| Herzen aka Vol’naia Russkaia Tipografiia v Londone –[Alexander Herzen’s Free Russian Press in London]	1853	LND		c22	tpgH	+p
tpg \| Kiev-Pechersk lavra –[Kiev Caves Monastery Press]	1861	KIV	001	c99	tpg.KPL	+j
tpg \| Mariengauzena –[Mariengauzen Press]	1862	SPB	001	c99	tpgM	+j
tpg \| Obshchestvennaia pol’za, Tovarishchestvo –[“Social Utility” Company]	1860	SPB	035+	c22	tpgO	+e
tpg \| Ohryzko,J –[Ohryzko Press]	1858	SPB	003	c22	tpg.Ohr	+e
tpg \| Pervaia russkaia vol’naia –[First Russian Free Press]	1860	MVA	001	c22	tpg.PRV	+e +p
tpg \|Pleshcheev,A –[Pleshcheev Press]	1860	MVA	001	c22	tpg.Plw	+e
tpg \|Rymarenko,S –[Rymarenko Press]	1862	SPB		c22	tpg.Rko	+p +y
tpg \| Soldatenkov –[Soldatenkov Press]	1859	MVA	004	c22	tpg.Sld	+e
tpg \| Tiblen,N –[Tiblen Press]	1859	SPB	009	c22	tpg.Tbl	+e
tpg \| Zaichnevskii-Argiropulo kruzhok –[Student press (Zaichnevskii-Argiropulo kruzhok)]	1859	MVA	003	c22	tpgZ	+e +p +y
trade \| kommercheskikh nauk, Prakticheskaia akademiia –[Practical Academy of Commercial Arts]	1806	MVA	100+	c10	AkKN	+a
trade \| kommercheskikh znanii, Obshchestvo liubitelei –[Society of Amateurs of Commercial Knowledge]	1810	MVA	050+	c10	LKZ
trade \| Kommercheskoe obshchestvo na paiakh s tsel’iu udeshevleniia predmetov zhiznennoi potrebnosti –[Commerical Cooperative Society for Reduction of Expenditures for Consumer Products]	1860	PRM		c17	bzn.obx
trade \| torgovle sherst’e, Kharkovskaia aktsionernaia kompaniia po –[Joint-stock Woolen Trade Company (Khar’kov)]	1860	XRK		c10	XAK	+v
trade \| torgovle sherst’e, Novorossiiskaia aktsionernaia kompaniia po –[Joint-Stock Woolen Trade Company]	1860	ODE		c10	NAK	+v
trezvosti, Obshchestva dlia rasprostraneniia –[Societies for Promotion of Temperance]	1858	VsR	002	c17	trz.obx	+n krx nrd +m +p
trudoliubiia, Obshchestvo dlia pooshchreniia –[Society for Promoting Love of Labor]	1863	MVA		c10		+n prl
uchebnogo posobiia pol’skomu narodu, Obshchestvo –[Society for Educational Support for the Polish People]	1860	UKR	012	c99		+n POL +a +j
Velikoruss, Komitet –[Velikoruss Committee]	1861	SPB	001	c99	Vlr.cmm	+i
Vertepniki –[Secluded Prophets]	1854	MVA	007	c90	Vrt	+n
vodoprovodov, Obshchestvo Sankt-peterburskikh –[SPB Water Main Society]	1858	SPB	025+	c10	grd.wtr	+v SPB.grd.wtr
Vol’noe Ekonomicheskoe Obshchestvo, Imperatorskoe –[Imperial Free Economic Society]	1765	SPB	152	c10	VEO	+a
Vol’nogo Ekonomicheskogo Obshchestva, Politiko-ekonomicheskii komitet –[Political-Economy Committee of the Free Economic Society]	1859	SPB	013	c90	PEcmmVE	+e +a F/PEcmmR/
Vol’nyi universitet \| Chtenie publichnykh lektsii –[Free University \|Presentation of Public Lectures]	1862	SPB	001	c26	Vo.unv	+p +i
Voskresnye shkoly –[Sunday Schools]	1859	VsR	003	c26	VSH	+n krx prl +p +i
vosstanovleniia pravoslavnogo khristianstva na Kavkaze, Obshchestvo –[Society for Renewal of Orthodox Christianity in the Caucasus]	1860	CAU		c90		+n rlg ~~+i chx
vrachebnykh i fizicheskikh nauk pri Moskovskom universitete, Obshchestvo sorevnovaniia –[Society for Competitive Challenge in the Medical and Physiological Sciences]	1804	MVA	056+	c28	fzl.mdx	+e
vrachei dlia pomeshannykh, Obshchestvo –[Society of Physicians for the Insane]	1862	?		c28		+e
vrachei v Kronshtadte, Obshchestvo morskikh –[Society of Kronstadt Naval Physicians]	1859	KRN		c28	nvy.mdx	+e ~~nvy.gsp
vrachei v Moskve, Obshchestvo russkikh –[Society of Russian Physicians in Moscow]	1861	MVA		c28	MVA.mdx	+e
vrachei, Obshchestvo Kazanskikh –[Kazan Physicians Society]		KZN		c28	KZN.mdx	+e
vrachei, Obshchestvo Kurskikh –[Kursk Physicians Society]	1860	KUR		c28	KUR.mdx	+e
vrachei, Obshchestvo russkikh –[Russian Physicians Society]	1833	SPB	092	c28	SPB.mdx	+e
vrachei, Obshchestvo Saratovskikh –[Saratov Physicians Society]	1860	SAR		c28	SAR.mdx	+e
Yakht-klub –[Yacht Club]	1863	SPB		c03	Y.clb
Yuridicheskoe obshchestvo, sostoiashchee pri Moskovskom universitete –[Juridical Society at Moscow University]	1865	MVA	025	c29	lwx.obx	+e
zavod [factory] \| khudozhestvennaia promyshlennost’ –[Crafts]	1860s	VsR	~	c26	rsv.scl	+e +i
zavod [factory] \| koksa, parafina i prochikh iz torfa i torgovli imi,Obx dlia izvlecheniia –[Society for Rendering e,Parafin and Other Products from Peat, & for Vending These Products]	1858	SPB		c12		+v +i
zavod [factory] \| kozhi, Obshchestvo zavodskoi obrabotki –[Society for Factory Production of Leather]	1860	KZN		c12		+v +i
zavod [factory] \| lesnykh proizvedenii i torgovli imi, Aktsionernoe obx dlia obrabotki –[Joint-Stock Society for the Manufacture and Sale of Forest Products]	1859	SPB		c12		+v +i
zavod [factory] \| manufaktury i torgovli, Obshchestvo pooshchreniia –[Society for Promotion of Manufacturing and Trade]	1856	VsR		c12	Pmfg	+i proposed F/SP&T
zavod [factory] \| manufaktury, Tovarishchestvo –[Manufacturing Company]	1862	MVA		c12		+i
zavod [factory] \| promyshlennosti i torgovli, Obshchestvo dlia sodeistviia russkoi –[Society for the Promotion of Russian Industry and Trade]	1867	MVA	025+	c12	SP&T	+i F/Pmfg
zavod [factory] \| Putilovskikh zavodov, Obshchestvo –[Putilov Factories Society]	1857	SPB		c12		+i
zavod [factory] \| Sampsonievskoi mekhanicheskoi manufaktury, Obshchestvo –[Sampson Mechanical Manufacturing Society]	1857	SPB		c12		+i
zavod [factory] \| Shlisselburge, Tovarishchestvo manufaktury v –[Schlüsselburg Manufacturing Association]	1862	SPB		c12	WSL.mfg	+i
zavod [factory] \| zhivotnykh produktov, Obshchestvo zavodskoi obrabotki –[Society for Factory Processing of Animal Products]	1858	SPB		c12		+v +i
Zemlia i volia –[Land and Liberty]	1862	VsR	001	c99	ZiV
zhenskogo truda, Obshchestvo –[Society for Female Work]	1865	SPB	??	c08	OZT	+e +w +n