As the presidential election approaches and I read a little about both Obama and Romney – trying to stay neutral while gathering information – I wondered how important environmental issues are in this election. So I went back on both Obama’s and Romney’s websites and looked for what they had to say about the environment. I was very surprised when I realized that environment protection takes so little space on their websites. Of course, they discuss energy, but they are both mostly interested in how to make the United States independent when it comes to energy, how to cut the need of other countries for oil, how new energy technologies will create jobs and boost the economy. For such a large country, I thought protecting the environment, protecting nature, would be a bigger issue.
Daily Archives: November 6, 2012
Darwin’s Population Limits
One of the key arguments that Darwin makes in his On the Origin of Species concerns the Struggle for Existence. Individuals are constantly locked in competition, whether with other members of the same species, different species that may occupy the same or similar ecological niche, or environmental factors. Those organisms that survive then reproduce and pass their traits onto the next generation. Those that do not win out die, and if this concept is applied to entire species, it may result in extinction due to a failure to adapt to changing conditions.
The most important aspect of the struggle involves the environmental limits that all organisms must face. These restrictions, which encompasses resources such as food, predator and parasite interactions, and climate, drive natural selection. Without these forces at work, Darwin’s theory would not stand. Since abundance reduces conflict while scarcity leads to competition, nature provides the pressure that fuels the engine of evolution.
The War to Exist
Out of many of the metaphors that Charles Darwin uses, one that sticks out greatly is that nature is a war. This metaphor can be seen in very many places–even those where he relates nature to something completely different like a web or a tree. No matter what it is, evolution in general comes down to the survival of the fittest. While all the metaphors are valid, the war is a reality that we all have to live with–one of the reasons we can never truly be at peace…because
Darwin
Upon reading the introduction of the Origin of Species my perception of this type of literature has completely changed. I was expecting dry scientific language, and was pleasantly surprised because this is such an incredibly beautiful subject that deserves to be presented as such.I find it fascinating that Charles Darwin was able to present his ideas in such a clear and beautiful manner; I have read countless textbooks that do not treat the material in this way, and it comes across as very boring and difficult to process. Treating a topic as complex and grand as Natural Selection with literary artisism, allows the ideologies to become tangible. Explaining genetics in terms of numbers, chemical equations, or large words is not as impactful as equating it to something that resonates with the spirit of humanity. Darwin balances his scientific ideas with perfectly beautiful metaphors that truly capture the essence of his ideas. This reflects the idea that nature is the driving and supporting force for not only art, but science as well and that the two can and must coexist. Darwin’s masterful use of language shines a beautiful light on science and allows someone like me (who is not scientifically inclined but still enjoys and appreciates the field immensely) to understand these concepts. The Origin of Species did not read like 1850’s scientific research, but instead it was poetic and more beautiful that I had ever imagined it could be. It is also outstanding that all of this research was done without the use of genetic testing; leaving all observing and data collecting to the eye. The fact that Darwin was able to construct such an incredible theory through observation is incredible, and proves that the natural world has much to teach us if only we open our eyes. This is something that is often overlooked in today’s society, even the observation of people can prove informational. I do, however, wonder what man might have been able to figure out on his own without technology and modern day science? Is observation enough to understand the world that we live in? One problem many people had and continue to have with Darwin is that he was uncovering things many thought to be better left unknown; while this is a completely valid point that still rings true today, it is also engrained in mans nature to be curious and question the universe.
Carson’s Imagery
There are two landscapes depicted in the opening chapter of Rachel Carson’s, Silent Spring: “A Fable for Tomorrow.”(Carson 1) the idealized, but typical “town in the heart of America where all life seemed to live in harmony with its surroundings” and the diseased version of that same town after an “evil spell had settled on the community” (Carson 2). Carson uses idyllic, fairytale type imagery to get the reader invested in the town’s welfare, setting the scene as one of peaceful tranquility. Through the use of a mysterious antagonist she encourages curiosity in origin of the negative outcome of that same town, while imposing a feeling of adversity. When we discover, in the second to last paragraph of this chapter, that this is only a possible future, we are meant to feel a need to prevent the described dystopia from occurring. Continue reading
Charles Darwin in the History of Video Games
Charles Darwin has become a very influential literary and scientific figure with his environmental text On the Origin of Species. I have a great love for playing video games as well as learning more about how video games have changed since I was a child. From my observations, I have found that Darwin’s theory of the evolution of species also applies to the evolution of video games. The process of natural selection and the struggle for existence from Darwin can be applied to the evolution of video games.
Today, there is a huge “Console War” between three major video game companies: Sony, Microsoft, and Nintendo. These companies have been battling each other for the past decade in their efforts of staying alive and profiting in the home video game market. They have developed new games in order for their games’ elements to be passed on to the next generation of games. This is compared to Darwin’s theory of the struggle for existence where species must survive in order to pass on their traits to the next generation. These game companies are competing for their dominance of the home console market and their ability to develop new consoles and games for consumers to play. They are constantly battling in order to survive and pass on traits of their games to the next generation of gaming. Game companies’ success in the market allows for Darwin’s theory of natural selection to take effect.
The Fascinating Ecology of Charles Darwin and Rachel Carson
Although Charles Darwin is best noted as the father of evolution, within the Origin of Species there is also a blossoming fascination with what would become the science of ecology. Ecology can be defined as the scientific study of the relationships that living organisms have with each other and their environment. This budding ecology can be seen throughout, but is particularly evident in Darwin’s “clover-bee- cat” illustration of how “plants and animals are bound together by a complex web of relations”(Darwin 74). Similarly, Rachel Carson shares a ecological fascination with “intersections and connections” (Carson xii) while maintaining an ever present awareness of the whole. Curiously, in “A Fable for Tomorrow”, Carson employs a strikingly similar illustration of how one organism can alter an entire ecosystems.
To illustrate the metaphor of a “complex web of relations”, Darwin drew on a local clover and its relationship to other organisms. “ I have found the visits of bees are….highly beneficial to the fertilization of our clovers… if the whole genus of humble bees became extinct…in England…the red clover would..wholly disappear.”(Darwin 75) Darwin goes on to explain the correlation between large numbers of field mice and a decreased number of bee nests, raided by mice. “ Now the number of mice is largely dependent…on the number of cats…near villages and towns I have found the nests of humble bees more numerous which I attribute to the number of cats that destroy the mice.”(Darwin 75) With apparent glee, Darwin connects an abundance of clover to a large number of felines. “Hence it is quite credible that the presence of a feline animal in large numbers…might determine, through the intervention of mice and then of bees, the frequency of certain flowers in that district!” Darwin’s delight in making these ecological connections is apparent in the speedy syntax of this passage. We can almost see an excited smile on Darwin’s face as he closes the passage with an exclamation point.
Tree of Metaphors
In Charles Darwin’s book, On the Origin of Species, I was very intrigued by a passage that Darwin wrote comparing a tree to life and its “struggle for existence.” I really enjoyed this passage because it was quite different. I was not used to reading a scientific novel that had used metaphors before. I enjoyed this passage because it painted a picture of what Darwin must have been thinking during the time he was coming up with his theory on natural selection. This tree metaphor that Darwin uses helps explain natural selection and is also a good indicator of what he was imaging before he drew his “tree of evolution.” Continue reading
Silent Spring
After reading silent spring sections for tuesdays class and I was curious about what peoples response was to her books. After doing a little research I found out that Rachel Carson was highly criticize. “The weekly Human Events gave Silent Spring an “honorable mention” in its list of the “Ten Most Harmful Books of the 19th and 20th Centuries.” along with just this one quote I found many more things that she ended being criticized even though they did not have the technology yet to find out those things. The book did point to problems that had not been adequately addressed, such as the effects of DDT on some wildlife. However, she did not realize that DDT helped keep Malaria down by killing the mosquitos.
She was also supported, According to a TIME magazine article in 1999, a year or two after it was out, ”all but the most self-serving of Carson’s attackers were backing rapidly toward safer ground. In their ugly campaign to reduce a brave scientist’s protest to a matter of public relations, the chemical interests had only increased public awareness.”
I feel that Silent Springs did what Carson wanted it to do. Although Carson may have not realized how important her book would become I think that by Silent Spring being so controversial has helped bring out the issue of pesticides, making it a prominent issue that is discussed from both sides. Although, Carson did not have the scientific methods that we now use, she still spent her last days finalizing her book to bring the issue to the public eye. She utilized every discourse that should could so that her book could be read from a scientific view to be read by the everyday citizen.
Ambi-centrism or Non-centrism?
As a side-note: In class we looked at some images of Darwin’s hand drawn evolutionary trees, and professor Siperstein said he’d concluded that lemurs were the original relative of humans. That information sounded familiar to me, so I tried to research if that was true. From what I can find, lemurs were the first primate to evolve, which lead to apes, monkeys, and us. It boggles my mind that Darwin was able to deduce, without genetics, that lemurs gave rise to the rest of the primates correctly, since they look more like cats than monkeys. It’s an example of the trust he had in methodical observation and empirical data, and his unwillingness to settle for the easy explanation…