History of Women the United States, 1870 – Present
Spring 2023
CRN 36476
Tuesday and Thursday, noon – 1:20 pm, 145 Straub
Professor Ellen Herman
office: 280G Knight Law Center
e-mail: eherman@uoregon.edu
office hours: Mondays, noon – 2 pm in 280G Knight Law Center
GEs/Graders
Pierce Bateman: pbateman@uoregon.edu
office hours: Wednesdays from 12-2 pm in 340T McKenzie Hall
Victor Ochoa: vochoa@uoregon.edu
office hours: Mondays via zoom from 12-2 pm (by appointment) https://uoregon.zoom.us/j/96767292621?pwd=UWJlQWlmSUM2eW82cnR0eHlQdHN5dz09
Moeko Yamazaki: moekoy@uoregon.edu
office hours: Monday 2-3 pm and Wednesday 1-2 pm in 350H McKenzie Hall
BRIEF DESCRIPTION
HIST 309 is the second part of a two-quarter sequence on the history of women and gender in the United States. Its starting point is that the history of women and gender is central to U.S. history rather than something set apart from the major developments that have shaped the nation’s past. The course examines the historical significance of gender, for men and boys as well as women and girls, and explores its profound impact on Americans’ experiences as family members, workers, and citizens as well as on a wide range of institutions. The course will survey many different dimensions of gendered lives from Reconstruction to the present. As we read and think about change and continuity over the course of modern U.S. history, we will consider the following topics in relation to women and gender: migration and immigration; industrialization; reform movements; suffrage; labor; consumption; kinship; war; sexuality; reproduction and health; violence; feminism and anti-feminism. The course will emphasize diversity in the history of women and gender and profile individuals who illustrate the dynamic relationship between gender and other aspects of social identity, including race, ethnicity, class, national origin, sexual orientation, and age. The course is designed to move forward chronologically in time, but its thematic organization also means that we will sometimes move across time periods, compare different time periods, and question our assumptions about the meaning and inevitability of freedom, equality, and progress.
CLASS MODALITY AND FORMAT
This class takes place in person. There will be two lectures each week. Although this course requires no separate discussion sections, you can expect to participate in spontaneous small group discussions during class time. Please be sure to do the reading for class in advance and bring any reading notes with you.
WRITING REQUIREMENTS
Three short essay-writing assignments. Each one will explore and/or compare required readings, especially primary sources. Each essay should be 4 pages long, double-spaced. You will submit your work on Canvas.
Essay #1, due during week 4 on April 25, 2023, 2023 by noon.
Essay #2, due during week 7 on May 16, 2023 by noon.
Essay #3, due during week 10 on June 6, 2023 by noon.
There will be a final take-home exam that covers the major readings and themes of the course. The final exam will be posted on Canvas after the final class on Thursday, June 8, 2023. It will be due on Wednesday, June 14, 2023 by noon.
Please notice when the written work is due and plan your time accordingly.
READING REQUIREMENTS
Required reading does not mean required buying. The books listed below are on reserve in Knight Library. Shorter texts are all available on Canvas, linked to this syllabus, or both. You are expected to complete the required reading before class. Doing so will make the lectures more understandable and interesting. It will also help you with the writing assignments.
Required reading amounts to less than 100 pages each week. I know because I counted! The reading is not, however, always distributed evenly. Most weeks will have fewer pages; the weeks when we will be reading the McGuire and Zumas books will have more. Please look ahead in the syllabus and plan your time accordingly.
Danielle McGuire, At the Dark End of the Street: Black Women, Rape, and Resistance–A New History of the Civil Rights Movements from Rosa Parks to the Rise of Black Power (Vintage, 2011).
Leni Zumas, Red Clocks (Little, Brown, 2018).
Recommended textbook:
Ellen Carol DuBois and Lynn Dumenil, Through Women’s Eyes: An American History With Documents, 5th edition (Bedford/St. Martin’s, 2019).
THINKING REQUIREMENTS AND COURSE OBJECTIVES
History is a discipline that requires discipline, no less than music, neuroscience, or architecture. That means you should expect this course to require real time and effort. But history repays those who devote time and effort to it many times over. If you work hard in this course, you will end the term knowing something about the chronology and significance of the various topics listed on this syllabus. You can also expect the following tangible benefits, all applicable in a very wide range of future occupations and careers:
- the habit of asking critical and imaginative questions frequently
- improved reading, writing, and analytical skills
- the ability to recognize and evaluate primary and secondary sources, with special attention to interpreting multiple, sometimes conflicting, examples of documentary evidence
- practice in thinking about change over time and considering how economic, political, cultural, and social forces interact to promote or inhibit change
- facility with revising your questions and rethinking your answers based on empirical and especially documentary evidence
My hope is that you will also experience the pleasures of learning. History promises to make us more interesting people and better informed, more insightful citizens of our communities and our world.
RULES
Accommodations
The University of Oregon seeks to create inclusive learning environments. Please let me know me if anything about the instruction or design of this course creates disability-related barriers to your participation. You are also encouraged to contact the Accessible Education Center in 164 Oregon Hall at 541-346-1155 or uoaec@uoregon.edu. If you have a documented disability and anticipate needing accommodations in this course, please arrange to see me at the beginning of the term and request that the Accessible Education Center verify your disability.
Academic Honesty
If this course is to be a worthwhile educational experience, your work must be original. Plagiarism and other forms of cheating are very serious infractions and will not be permitted. Students who are uncertain about what plagiarism is, or who have questions about how to cite published, electronic, or other sources should feel free to consult with the instructor. The UO Student Conduct Code, which includes a section on Academic Misconduct.
Attendance
Attendance will not be checked for every class, but it will be checked at several points during the term and that attendance record will be counted as one element in your final grade. Please be aware that many of the attendance policies that were adjusted university-wide during the pandemic are no longer in effect. Students with COVID are encouraged to seek guidance at UO’s COVID-19 Safety Resources webpage.
Classroom Community Expectations
All members of the class (students, GEs, and instructor) can expect to be treated respectfully. All of us should also expect to contribute to the learning community we create together. In practice, this means preparing for class, following instructions, and engaging thoughtfully with others so that we create a welcoming and inclusive environment for every member of the class. This does not mean that we will all agree. Remember that your view or experience is your view or experience, a partial vantage point on the whole, and not a general view or experience shared by everyone; nor are the views or experiences of others necessarily going to match your own. Communicating about our disagreements is as necessary a part of education as it is a part of democracy. We welcome disagreement in this class and will practice expressing disagreement without undermining, demeaning, or marginalizing others. In order to create an atmosphere conducive to learning, please also refrain from activities such as eating meals, texting, or checking social media during class time. Using computers to take notes is encouraged.
Encountering Offensive, Disturbing Material: Learning anything important about history means encountering people whose lives are very different than yours. That can be inspiring. It can also mean confronting ideas, values, language, and experiences that you may find offensive and disturbing. Doing that, and learning how to engage in civil conversation about things that matter, is part of what it means to become an educated person. This course is a place to practice that kind of thinking and talking. I encourage you to share your responses to assigned reading materials as well as to views expressed in the classroom. Read thoughtfully and listen carefully to other students. My door is always open to students who wish to discuss sensitive issues privately.
Lateness Policy: No late assignments will be accepted and no makeup exams will be given except in rare cases where special arrangements have been made in advance for reasons such as religious observance and disability. Students who miss deadlines for written assignments or the final exam will be given no credit for that assignment. If you anticipate difficulty meeting a deadline because of religious observance or disability, please talk to the instructor or one of the GEs in advance.
One last note: I apologize for having all these rules! Try to imagine the administrative challenges your instructor faces in managing this course in a way that complies with university regulations and is fair to all students. Please be patient with me and with your GEs!
GRADES
essays: 15% each
final exam: 40%
attendance: 15%
COURSE CALENDAR
Week 1
April 4, 2023: Introduction to the Course
April 6, 2023: Who are women? What is gender? What is the history of women and gender about?
Read:
Azeen Ghorayshi and , “Teen Girls Report Record Levels of Sadness, C.D.C. Finds,” New York Times, February 13 2023.
Institute for Women’s Policy Research, “IWPR Reproductive Rights Index, A State-by-State Analysis and Ranking,” July 2022.
Jody L. Herman, Andrew R. Flores, and Kathryn K. O’Neill, “How Many Adults and Youth Identify as Transgender in the United States?” (UCLA School of Law, Williams Institute) June 2022, overview.
Beth Almeida and Bela Salas-Betsch, “Fact Sheet: The State of Women in the Labor Market in 2023” (Center for American Progress), February 26, 2023.
Richard Reeves, “Andrew Tate is answering a question we won’t attempt to–What is it to be a “good man” today?” New Statesman, January 6, 1923.
Watch:
short documentary film: “Demanding Justice: A History of Domestic Workers”
1865-1920: HOW DID WOMEN EXERT SO MUCH COLLECTIVE POWER BEFORE THEY HAD THE RIGHT TO VOTE?
Week 2
April 11, 2023: Reconstructed Lives: Asserting Female Moral Authority, 1865-1890
Read:
Reconstruction Amendments to the U.S. Constitution.
Peggy Pascoe, Relations of Rescue: The Search for Female Moral Authority in the American West, 1874-1939 (Oxford University Press, 1990), chap. 2, “The Ideology of Female Moral Authority, 1874-1900”.
recommended: DuBois and Dumenil, Through Women’s Eyes, chapters 6-7.
April 13, 2023: Profiles: Victoria Woodhull, Ida B. Wells
Read:
Victoria Woodhull, “Constitutional Equality,” 1870.
Ida B. Wells, “Southern Horrors: Lynch Law in All Its Phases,” 1892.
“Strange Fruit”: poem text; Billie Holiday song performance.
Week 3
April 18, 2023: Civic Lives: The Female Dominion in American Reform, 1890-1920
Read:
Kathryn Kish Sklar, “Florence Kelley and Women’s Activism in the Progressive Era,” in Linda Kerber et al, Women’s America: Refocussing the Past, vol. 2, 8th edition (Oxford University Press, 2016), 350-360.
19th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution, 1920.
Alice Paul and Mary Van Kleeck, “Is Blanket Amendment Best Method in Equal Rights Campaign?” Congressional Digest (March 1924).
recommended: DuBois and Dumenil, Through Women’s Eyes, chapter 8.
April 20, 2023: Profiles: Jane Addams, Emma Goldman
Read:
Jane Addams, “The Subjective Value of a Social Settlement,” The Forum, 1892.
Jane Addams, “Why Women Should Vote,” Ladies Home Journal, January 1910.
Emma Goldman, “Woman Suffrage,” in Anarchism and Other Essays (New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association), 1911.
Emma Goldman, “Marriage and Love,” in Anarchism and Other Essays (New York: Mother Earth Publishing Association), 1911.
1900-2000: HOW DID GENDER SHAPE WORK, MARRIAGE, FAMILY, AND BODIES?
Week 4
April 25, 2023: Economic Lives: Labor and Consumption, 1900-1945
essay #1 due
Read:
Charlotte Perkins Gilman, “The Yellow Wallpaper,” The New England Magazine, January 1892.
Sadie Frowne, “Days and Dreams,” 1902.
Wage Earners’ Suffrage League, Miss Rose Schneiderman Cap Maker Replies to New York Senator on Delicacy and Charm of Women, 1912.
Louise de Koven Bowen, “Legal Protection in Industry,” 1914.
National Consumers’ League, Constitution, Articles I and II, from NCL Papers, Library of Congress, 1914-1916 Anual Report.
Susan Ware, “Women and the Great Depression,” History Now, 2009.
recommended: DuBois and Dumenil, Through Women’s Eyes, chapter 9.
April 27, 2023: Profiles: “Rosie the Riveter,” Julia Child
Look:
Look carefully at these images of women working on the WWII homefront:
- J. Howard Miller’s poster, created by Westinghouse in 1942 to boost employee morale. It was seen by only a small number of workers in the midwest during the war years and was not known as “Rosie the Riveter.” It was rediscovered in the 1980s and became iconic.
- Norman Rockwell’s Saturday Evening Post cover from May 1943 was seen by a mass audience. The subject’s lunchbox identifies her as “Rosie.”
- Margaret Bourke-White, 24 photos of “Real Life Rosies” working in Indiana steel mills in 1943, published in LIFE.
Watch:
PBS Digital Studios, Julia Child Remixed, Keep on Cooking.
Explore:
National Museum of American History, online exhibit about Julia Child’s Kitchen.
Read:
Ruth Reichl, “Julia Child’s Recipe for a Thoroughly Modern Marriage” Smithsonian Magazine, June 2012.
Week 5
May 2, 2023: Family Lives: Marriage, Motherhood, and Reproduction, 1920-1960
Read:
Jodi Vandenberg-Daves, “Twentieth-Century American Motherhood: Promises, Pitfalls, and Continuing Legacies,” The American Historian (November 2016):26-32.
Andrea Tone, “Making Room for Rubbers: Gender, Technology, and Birth Control Before the Pill,” History and Technology (2002):51-76.
“Dorothy Dunbar Bromley, “Comments on Birth Control and the Depression,” 1934.
recommended: DuBois and Dumenil, Through Women’s Eyes, chapter 10.
May 4, 2023: Profiles: Carrie Buck, Margaret Sanger
Read:
Crystal Eastman, “Birth Control in the Feminist Program,” 1918.
Margaret Sanger, “The Morality of Birth Control,” 1921.
Margaret Sanger, “The Eugenic Value of Birth Control Propaganda,” Birth Control Review, October 1921.
Buck v. Bell, 1927.
Joseph Spencer DeJarnette, “Mendel’s Law: A Plea for a Better Race of Men,” early 1930s.
Paul Popenoe, “The Progress of Eugenic Sterilization,” Journal of Heredity (1934):19-26.
Margaret Sanger, “Planning Your Children,” Voice of Youth, 1936.
Governor John Kitzhaber, apology for Oregon’s eugenics program, December 2, 2002.
Week 6
May 9, 2023: Bodily Lives: Sexual Violence, 1940-2000
Read:
Danielle McGuire, At the Dark End of the Street, chaps. 1-3.
May 11, 2023: Profiles: Rosa Parks, Anita Hill
Read:
Danielle McGuire, At the Dark End of the Street, chaps. 4-5, epilogue.
Week 7
May 16, 2023: Bodily Lives: Sexuality, Identity, and Experience, 1940-1980
essay #2 due
Read:
Joanne Meyerowitz, “Transforming Sex: Christine Jorgensen in the Postwar U.S.,” OAH Magazine of History (March 2006):16-20.
Beth Bailey, “From Front Porch to Back Seat: A History of the Date,” OAH Magazine of History (July 2004):23-26.
The Kinsey Scale. First published in Sexual Behavior in the Human Male (1948), this scale accounted for research findings that showed a spectrum of sexual attraction ranging from exclusively heterosexual to exclusively homosexual. Many people did not fit into either of these categories but fell somewhere in between.
Loving v. Virginia, 1967.
May 18, 2023: Profiles: Christine Jorgensen, The Eugene Lesbian Oral History Project
During class, we will have the opportunity to speak with Linda Long, co-creator of the Eugene Lesbian Oral History Project, and ask her questions about it.
Watch:
Christine Jorgensen, television interview with Tom Snyder, 1982.
“Outliers and Outlaws: The Eugene Lesbian Oral History Project.” Please explore the digital exhibit , including video narratives about migration to Eugene, identity, lands, and politics.
1960-2020: WHAT DIFFERENCE DID THE SECOND WAVE OF FEMINISM MAKE?
Week 8
May 23, 2023: Movement Lives: Feminisms and Antifeminisms, 1960-1980
Read:
Linda Gordon, “The Women’s Liberation Movement” in Dorothy Sue Cobble, Linda Gordon, and Astrid Henry, Feminism Unfinished: A Short, Surprising History of American Women’s Movements (W.W. Norton, 2016), pp. 69-145.
Johnnie Tillmon, “Welfare Is a Women’s Issue,” Ms. Magazine (Spring, 1972);111-116.
recommended: DuBois and Dumenil, Through Women’s Eyes, chapter 11.
May 25, 2023: Profiles: Pauli Murray, Phyllis Schlafly
Read:
Pauli Murray, “The Negro Woman in the Quest for Equality,” November 1963, excerpts.
National Organization for Women, Statement of Purpose, 1966.
Shirley Chisholm, “Equal Rights for Women,” remarks before the U.S. House of Representatives in reintroducing the ERA, May 21, 1969.
Phyllis Schlafly, “What’s Wrong with Equal Rights for Women?” 1972. This speech began as an 1972 essay in Schlafly’s newsletter, but was adapted for many of her speeches and debates on behalf of STOP ERA.
Week 9
May 30, 2023: Political Lives: The Quest for State Power and Legal Equality, 1940-2020
Read:
Margaret Chase Smith, “Declaration of Conscience,” remarks about McCarthyism before the U.S. Senate, June 1, 1950.
recommended: DuBois and Dumenil, Through Women’s Eyes, chapter 12.
watch:
Margaret Chase Smith, announcement of candidacy for Republican presidential nomination, National Women’s Press Club, January 27, 1964.
Shirley Chisholm, announcement of candidacy for Democratic presidential nomination, January 25, 1972.
Hillary Clinton, announcement of candidacy for Democratic presidential nomination, New York, New York, June 13, 2015. Clinton initially announced her campaign in a YouTube video on April 12, 2015.
June 1, 2023: Profiles: Margaret Chase Smith, Ruth Bader Ginsburg
Read:
Roe v. Wade, 1973, excerpts.
Dobbs v. Jackson Women’s Health Organization, 2022, excerpts.
Leni Zumas, Red Clocks
Week 10
June 6, 2023: Living in the United Divided States of America
essay #3 due
Read:
Leni Zumas, Red Clocks
During class, we will have the opportunity to speak with Leni Zumas and ask her questions about her novel. Zumas teaches in the Creative Writing Program at Portland State University. Red Clocks won the 2019 Oregon Book Award for fiction.