Leaves:
Leaf Arrangement:
- alternate vs. opposite
- simple vs. compound
- 2-ranked vs. spiral
- decussate
- single vs. bundled needles
- flat sprays
Leaf Margins:
- entire
- serrate
- doubly serrate
- revolute
Leaf Venation:
- arcuate
- 3-veined from base of leaf
- palmate
- pinnate
- penniveined
Leaf Shape:
- needle like
- scale-like
- awl-like
- palmately lobed
- pinnately lobed
Leaf Appearance:
- persistent, thick & leathery
- pubescent
- thin & somewhat translucent
- stomatal bloom
Petiole Features:
- petiole
- sessile
- distinct glands on petiole
- leaf base parrallel to twig
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Twigs:
Buds:
- bud scales
- cap-like
- imbricate
- valvate
- terminal clusters
- naked
- sessile
- stalked
- spur shoot
Leaf Scars:
- peg-like projections
- round smooth scars
General Features:
- armed
- exfoliating bark
- ribbed, ridged green stems
- scurfy
Pith Features:
- solid
- triangular
- chambered
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Cones and Fruits:
Cones:
- imbricate
- peltate
- cone bract
Samaras:
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