Greek and Roman Toilets!

January 30, 2021 · by kdelor · in Culture, Histoyr, Technology

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History of Bathroom Development in Greek and Roman areas!

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We will be looking at water distribution development, bathroom design advancements, and changes to the culture around the restroom after these changes. Starting as early as 20 BC we see some changes to move water from water sources to be tunneled to another source, and that’s where we will start…

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Water Advancements

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Water was commonly sourced from springs, wells, and reservoirs made by dams, the most famous on being the Proserpina dam that actually holds two reservoirs. Through open channels of earth, and piping, aqueducts allowed water to be moved from these sources to largely supply water for public baths in Rome, an expression of Civic pride, as well as homes, according to Mays pg. 117. Continuing on page 117, Mays indicated the 3 main conduits; open channels, lead piping, and terracotta piping. The lead pipes were used for pressure conduits like inverted siphons, while the channels were built above ground with stone so water would flow at a low slope to the next channel. Most channels were built on the ground however as technologies progressed some channels were located high above the ground in an aqueduct bridge! At the ends of some of these bridges were siphons that would distribute water from up high through 5 or 6 pipes (as shown in the picture above) that would lead underground to a more localized area. Not all people according to Mays on page 122, received water directly however most all had access to a secondary resource such as a well or a water tower.

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Water Distribution Advanced Bath Rooms

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Water and Construction

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Having two main water distribution systems from underground piping to above ground channeling, the Romans were able to lead water to locations far further than previously achieved. Water towers were introduced in more urban areas to collect and store rain water. However cisterns were more popular for holding and collecting rain water in Rome. The difference between the two is water towers are more for personal use and cisterns are more for small city storage and use. Some of these cisterns were located above the ground, however it is more common according to May page 126, that they were built underground.

With the advancement of aqueducts, large fountains, pools and public bathing rooms became more popular in Rome and Greece. These could range from a small water fountain to a large 3 story fountain/bathhouse. May page 128, says baths were really quite unique in roman cities containing a hot bath, a warm bath, and a cold bath including dressing rooms. Many of these baths could be empty with no seating while others have seating blocks in the center of the bath. Along the perimeter there are often statues and gorgeous arches that identify this as a grand place.

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Bath House Design

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A very famous Roman Bath house still stands in Catania, Italy called the Indirizzo Roman baths says Wilson. Due to an earthquake, much of the structure has been damaged and little rooms are held true to their original structure. The water source for this Bath house was an underground river that flowed on the north side of this structure. With this standing roman bath we are able to learn a lot more about how water systems were incorporated within fountains, baths and future toilets. Orientation of how pools were built and were pools were located not only was determined by where the sun path was, but also by how the pipes were to be laid out from the water source. As piping was straight and did not have any bends in it due to lack of technology, often times these pool houses would not be symmetrical but quite organic according to Wilson pg. 199-201. The larger pools were cold, it was much easier to warm tiny pools to become hot than larger pools. The warming process was done by praefurnium, a fireplace type structure that has a maintained fire that warms the stones and water in the pool says Rigs Fig. 11. As the water runs off into another pool it is able to cool down to eventually become cool again. Other rooms that are located on the south side of the building is where hot saunas are to allow people to sweat, before cooling off in the cold water pools. All heated pools are heated by fire and all cold pools are kept cold through running water.

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As piping continues to grow Romans were able to move away from local wells to personal cisterns and local community bathing. With piping included in the design it was common to see that bathrooms were organized in a rectangular setting for bathrooms that were further away from water sources, whereas bathrooms that were closer and could be connected to an aqueduct were often in a circular shape. As the water technologies have advanced from simple rain water collection to the advancement of community bathhouses we are able to see how much human technology is able to advance cultures hygiene and cultural practice. As we start our look in historical societies we see how close they originate to water systems such as rivers and streams, whereas now our cities and towns are able to grow much further out from direct water sourcing due to our advancements in water transportation.

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